





y 



B R I E F (Pii 



HISTORY 



UNITED 
STATES 




R. D 




Class g/7^ 

Book (g 
({)|)\Tii>lil X" 



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COl'VKICIir DKI'OSIT. 



—of the— 
—and a— 

By * 
R; b. CHADWICK 

Principal of the Emerson Continuation School 



For Use in the Continuation Schools, of Gary, Indiana 



EtEffiOa gr ^ EHB^ 



Copyrighted, 1913, by R. D. Chad wick 



.1 



Copyrighted 



OCI.A3r)7421 




Washington said: ''We take the star from Heaven, the red 
from our mother country, separating it bij white stripes, 
thus showing that we have separated from her, and the 
white stripes shall go down to posterity representing liberty. 



FOREWORD: 




)NE of the chief aims of the Gary Public Schools is to ;tid in the 
development of those qualities which are necessary for good citizen- 
ship. Large numbers of foreign men and women come to the even- 
ing Continuation Schools to stud.y the English language, and to 
derive a knowledge of our institutions. They have a definite pur- 
pose in coming, and many make great sacrifices to attend the sessions. 
Tiii^ work was planned and written to meet the demand of these people. It was 
written during the school year of 1912 and 1913. Typewritten pages were sup- 
plied to the members of a class taught by Miss Cora Snyder, of the Emerson 
Continuation School. From the beginning great interest was taken in the facts 
of American history that are herein narrated. The description of the govern- 
menl commanded a like interest and was carefully studied and discussed in the 
class. 

This little work is therefore not an experiment, as it has passed through the 
exp rimental stage, and should prove more beneficial to future classes because 
of its more readable form, which is made possible by having it printed. Its 
subjection to the class-room test has enabled us to detect the need of changes 
that would have been impossible without such a test. 

The description of the government was also used in two classes of Eighth 
Grade History, in the Emerson School, as a short outline for the study of Civil 
Government. From this experiment it was found that a healthy interest to 
knov more about the Government of the United States was immediately aroused. 
This interest was encouraged, and satisfied in a measure by oral teaching, the 
assignment of subjects for special i'c]M)i-ts, and the citation to books where more 
information was available. 

The general plan has been to give in story form the principal events of 
American History, following with a shoi't description of local, state and national 
government. 

R. D. Chadwick, 
Instructor of History. Emerson School, 1913. 



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I. THE PERIOD OF DISCOVERY, 1492 TO 1607, (115 
YEARS). 

THE FIRST HERO OF AMERICAN HISTORY. 

Christopher Cohimlms. the man who discovered America, 

was born in or near tlie city of Genoa, in Italy, in the year 1446. 

Christopher ^'^ believed that the world was a globe. He thought that by 

Cohimhii,'^. sailing, west from Europe he could reach India and Japan. 

1446-1506 Columbus Avas not the only man to think that this could be 

ilone. but most of the people tliought that the earth was flat. 

Xo one thought that there were two large countries between 

Europe and Asia. 

In 1453 the warlike Turks captured Constantinople and the 

Constantinople ^''^""^^"'^' through which the caravans must pass to bring spices 

captured, ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^m India. At once efforts were made by the sailors 

Uoo of Venice and Genoa in Italy, and the sailors of Portugal and 

Spain, to find a new route to India. The Portuguese spent their 

time and money in trying to sail around Africa. 

In 1^^2 Isabella, the Queen of Spain, was convinced by 
Isahella Columbus that it was possible to sail west across the Atlantic 

to India. She gave him the money to buy three little ships, 
named the Santa Maria, Nina, and Pinta. He set sail from 
the liarbor of Palos in Spain, on August 3, 1492, with ninety 
men. 

Columlnis sailed to the Canary Islands, and then sailed 

The First \u^st thirty-three days after losing sight of land. On Friday, 

Voyage, 1492 October 12. 1492. he landed upon a small island, near the 

coast of North America. Thus he showed the way across the 

Atlantic. He called the red men which he found, INDIANS. 

because he thought he was near the coast of India. 

Columbus made three more voyages to the new world. On 
Other Voyages ^"^ ^^^* voyage he touched upon the coast of North America, 
near the Isthmus of Panama. He never reached that part of 
the continent now occupied by the United States. 

The last days of Columbus were very sad. He died in pov- 
Death of ^^ty at Vallodolid in Spain. :\Iay 20. 1506. He was the noblest 

Columbus sailor the world has seen. He never knew that he had discov- 

ered two new (ojitinents. 




JTtc- t-*^ L^g</i»f Dcscarer-tes - 'f^^ -/600 



THE UNITED STATES 



Importance of The importauce of his brave voyage in 1492 was that he 
Coliimhus' not only said that the world was a sphere, and that India could 

\ oijage 1^^, reached by sailing west — he proved that the world was not 

flat, and discovered a New World. 

THE NAMING OF THE NEW WORLD. 

A great injustice was done to Columbus in the naming of 
the new continents. The name "America" was given to the 
. . new continents by a German teacher of geograpliy, Martin 

Vesmiciiis WaldsemuUer. in 1507. An Italian sailor, Amerieus Vespucius. 

sailed along the coast of South America under the tiag of Spain 
before the death of Columbus. He wrote an account of his 
voyages, and it was printed. It is said that Waldsemiiller read 
this account, and suggested that the name "America" be given 
to the new land, in honor of the man who he understood had 
discovered it. This name came into use very gradually. At 
first it was printed on the early maps of South America, later 
it was given to both North and South America. 

IMPORTANT EXPLORERS OF THE 16TH CENTURY. 

The following list gives the names of the famous explorers 
of the sixteenth century. The first column gives the date of 
the exploration, the second gives the name of the explorer, the 
third shows the flag under which each sailed, and the fourth 
column tells what part of America was reached. Locate each 
upon the map. 

1497 John Cabot English .. .Labrador 

List of 1513 Balboa Spanish . . .Panama 

Exploiters 1513 Ponce de Leon ... Spanish ... Florida 

1519 Coi'tez Spanish . . .^Mexico ; 

1520 Magellan Spanish. . .Around the Worhl 

1524 Verrazano French. . . .Atlantic Coast 

1535 Cartier French. . . .St. Lawrence River 

1540 Coronado Spanish. . .Colorado River 

1541 De Sota Spanish. . .^Mississippi River 

1578 Drake English . . .Pacitie Coast and around the 

world. 
1584 Raleigh English .. .Virginia 

DEFEAT OF THE SPANISH ARMADA. 1588. 

Spain was the most active country in the exploration and 

settlement of America during the sixteenth century. Tlie 

Greatness of above list shows more Spanish explorers than English and 

Cipam French together. She iiad control of the southern pari of 

Nortli America, a large part of South America, and the West 




SMOWJfIG THE 
OR iGinflLTHiRTEEnCOLOfliei 
/^noTHe FREnCMTCRfMrORY 
eCFORC 1763 

0««yvn BY J OnviOSON igij 



THE UNITED STATES 



9 



Importance to 
America 



List of the 
Thirteen 
English 
Colonies 



The Indians 



Indies. In 1588 the Spanish King built a ''great ariiiachi'' (a 
large fleet of war vessels), and tried to invade England. This 
fleet was the most powerful ever built up to that time. The 
ships of England were smaller than the Spanish ships, but they 
were faster, and the English guns and gunners were better. 
As the great Spanish fleet came near to England it was 
attacked and completely defeated by tlic English. 

This was one of the most imj)()rtant naval battles ever 
fought. England became the "misli'ess of the seas." A Tier 
1588 England was alile to take an active part in tlie settling of 
America. 

II. THE COLONIAL PERIOD, 1607 TO 1763 (156 YEARS). 

THE THIRTEEN ENGLISH COLONIES. 

It is important to know about the thirteen English colonies 
because they were to become the first thirteen states of the 
United States. The following list gives the names of the colo- 
nies, the date when each was founded, the first settlers, and 
the name of the first settlement. Each sliould l)e located upon 
the map. 



NAME OF COr^ONV. DATE. 

SETTLERS. 

1. Virginia 1607 English 

2. ^ew York 1614 Dutch 
.1. New Jersey 1617 Dutch 

4. Massachusetts 1620 Euglish 

5. New Hampshire 162.'> English 

6. Connecticut 16;i'? English 

7. Maryland 16;U English 

8. Rhode Island 1636 English 

9. Delaware 1638 Swedes 

10. Nortli Carolina 1653 English 

11. South Carolina 1670 English 

12. Pennsylvania 1683 English 

13. Georgia 1733 English 



FIRST 
SETTLEMENT. 

Jamestown 

New Arasterdniii 

Bergen 

Plymouth 

Dover 

Wiudsoi- 

St. Mary's 

Providence 

Fort Cliristina 

(near Wihtiington "i 
Albemarle 
Charlestown 
Philadel])hia 
Savan}iah 



The founders of these colonies found the country in]ial)ited 
by savages. They have always been called Indians, the name 
which Columbus gave them. They were red in color, and have 
often been called "Red ]\Ien," because of their color. Tliey 
lived together in tribes, and used the bow and aiTow. AVheii 
angered they were very cruel. The white settlefs had many 
wars with them, and they were compelled to move westward. 

We will now describe some of the leading colonies. 



La}r-Maki)ig 
Body 



10 A BRIEF HISTORY OF 

VIRGINIA. 1607. 

The history of the United States began in 1607. In 1607 
Jamestown was founded, upon the coast of the country which 
had been named Virginia by Sir Walter Raleigh. 

James 1, King of England, gave a charter to a number of 
London merchants. This group of merchants was called the 
London Company. The company was to send colonists to 
The London America. The charter gave the company a large tract of land 
Lomp nij -j^ Virginia, and told how the colony was to be governed. It 

also said that the colonists were to have the same rights and 
laws that they had possessed in England. 

The first settlement was made in 1607. After many hard- 
ships due to sickness, hunger, and trouble with the Indians, 
the colony began to grow. Tobacco soon became the leading 
T ^j 1 ■ product. 1619 saw the ])eginning of two important institutions. 

(1) The colonists were given a chance to elect representatives 
to a legislative assembly. This assembly called the "House of 
Burgesses" was the First • Law-Mali ng Body in America. 
Two men called "burgesses" were elected in each of the eleven 
settlements. They went to Jamestown, where meetings were held 
to make the laws. (2) In this same year a Dutch ship landed 
Beginning tw^enty negroes. They were sold to the planters. Thus the 

of Slavery right of the people to make their own laws, and negro slavery 

l)egan in 1619. 

In 1624 the king took away the charter of the London Com- 
pany, and Virginia had its governor appointed by the king. 
The House of Burgesses continued, and all taxes were levied 
Virginia V it- By the time of the Revolutionary "War (1775), Virginia 

became was one of the richest and most populous of the thirteen colo- 

iviportant nies. 

^LAlSSACHUSETTS. 1620. 

In 1620, a number of Protestants, who had withdrawn from 
the Church of England, came to America. They landed north 
of Virginia upon the coast called New England. They named 
The Pilgrims their first town Plymouth, after a town in England. They 
were called "Pilgrims" because of their wanderings. The 
Pilgrims first left England and went to Holland. From Hol- 
land they came to America in the ship " ^Mayflower. " 

One-half of the Pilgrims died the first winter. Tlun- i-ame 
in December and the winter was very cold. Their food ran 
out, and many became sick. But they had come to stay, and 
none of them wished to go back to England. 



THE UNITED STATES 



11 



The First 
Thanksgiving 



Boston 1630 



Self- 
government 



The People 



Rhode Island 



Tlie autuiun after their iirst harvest they had a great feast, 
whii'li they called "Thanksgiving." This was hecanse they 
were thankful that God had saved their lives, and had given 
them a good harvest. Wild turkeys were plentiful, and they 
killed many of them for their tirst Thanksgiving dinner. To- 
day the last Thursday of November is set aside by a proclama- 
tion of the President of the United States as a national tlianks- 
giving day, and all Americans try to have turkey to eat on that 
day. 

Plymouth never became a large colony ; later it was made 
a part of Massachusetts. Boston, the leading town of JMassa- 
chusetts, was founded in 1630. More than one thousand 
colonists came to Boston in that 3'ear. Most of these early 
colonists were Puritans. They came to America that they might 
worship as they wdshed. Tlie land was given to tliem by a 
charter granted by the king in 1629. This charter gave the 
colonists the right to make their own laws. They elected their 
own governor. The laws were made by the General Court, to 
which two men were sent from each town. In 1691 the king 
took away the old charter, and under the new charter the king 
appointed the governor. 

The people of Massachusetts were hard-working, simple in 
their tastes, and well educated. Harvard College, the oldest 
college in the United States, was founded near Boston in 1636. 
In 1645 free schools were opened for children. The chief 
industries in Massachusetts were ship-building, fishing, com- 
merce and farming. ]Many ships were owned by the Boston 
men, and they sailed all over the world. 

OTHER ENGLISH COLONIES. 

Rhode Island was founded in 1636 by Roger Williams, wlio 
left Massachusetts for the same reason that the Pilgrims and 
Puritans left England. Men of all religions were allowed to 
come and settle in Rhode Island. 



Maryland 
Pennsylvania 



In 1634: Lord Baltomore founded ]Maryland for English 
Catholics. Maryland was just north of Virginia. Pennsyl- 
vania, which lies between New York and ^Maryland, was founded 
by William Penn, an English Quaker, in 1683. In these two 
colonies religious freedom also prevailed. This principle of 
the right of a man to worship as he wished arose in America. 
It is now a fundamental principle in the United States. 

The Hudson River was discovered by a Dutch ship under 
the command of Henry Hudson, an Englishman, in 1609. In 



12 



A BRIEF HISTORY OF 



Xew X ether 
lands 

Xeic Jersey 

Delaware 



Xeic York 



The Remain- 
ing Thii'teen 



Why the 
English 
Colon ies 
Prosjyered 



Canada 
Settled 



Louisa na 



1614 ilie Dutch biiilt a towu at the mouth of this river, and 
named it New ^Vnisterdam. The eountrr around the Hudson 
River was called Xew Netherlands. In 1617 the Dutch built 
the first town in New Jersey. The Swedes made the first 
settlement in Delaware, by building Fort Christina linear the 
present town of Wilmington) in 1638. The Dutch governor, 
Stm-A-esant. captured New Sweden seventeen years later. But 
the Dutch were not to keep these colonies long. England 
wanted them, because they separated New England from the 
southern colonies. 

An English fleet capiured New Amsterdam in 1664. The 
Dutch colonies, three in number, all came under the English 
flag. The English changed the names New Amsterdam and 
New Netherlands to New York. In this way. New York. New 
Jersey and Delaware became English colonies. 

The Connecticut colony had been founded in 1683 by immi- 
grants from Massachusetts. It was located between Rhode 
Island and New York. In the South, three more English colo- 
nies were made. North Carolina. South Carolina, and last of all 
the thirteen. Georgia. All of these should l>e located upon the 
map. 

In all of the English colonies self-government grew up. The 
people had a part in their government. ^lassachusetts and 
Virginia are good examples of how they all developed. Neither 
Spain nor France gave their colonists a part in their govern- 
ment. Governors were sent over by the kings of Spain and 
France, and the people had to obey their commands. The 
Spaniards came to America for gold and silver. The French 
came to convert the Indians, for the fur trade, and to increase 
the power and glory of France. The English came to America 
to mak( homes. The English colonist wanted a free govern- 
ment, the right to worship as lie wished, and a place in which 
to make a better li\-ing. In 1600. eight>'-three years after the 
founding of Jamestown, the English colonies had a population 
..f 2"i0.000 people. 

THE FRENCH COLONIES. 

The St. Lawrence River became the center of the French 
colonies. The land alx>ut the St. Lawi-ence was called Canada 
by Cartier. Quebec was founded in 1608 by Champlain. a 
famous Frenchman. The French followed the St. Lawrence 
to the Great Lakes. In 1682 La Salle followed the ^lississippi 
River to its mouth. He gave the name Louisana to the valley 
of this river, in honor of Kins Louis XIV of France. In 



THE UNITED STATES 



13 



The French 
and Indian 
Wars 



Settlement be- 
yond the Al- 
leghenies 



order to hold this vast territory, a string of forts was built 
from the mouth of the St. Lawrence to the mouth of the 
Mississippi. One of these was the first settlement by white 
people in Indiana. It was a fort named Vineennes. Others of 
these early forts are now large cities — Detroit, Pittsburg and 
St. Louis. 

The French and English colonies soon came into conflict. 
Four wars were fought. The Indians were used by both sides. 
These are called the French and Indian wars. The first war 
began in 1689, and the last began in 1754. In the last war 
an English army and fleet, aided by soldiers from the Thirteen 
Colonies, captured Quebec (1759) and ^Montreal (1760). The 
war was ended by the famous Treaty of Paris, 1763. The map 
of North America was greatly changed by this treaty. France 
gave up all of her vast territory in America. It was a great 
triumph for the English and free government. The Spanish 
kept their colonies and territory for many years in the southern 
part of North America and in South America, but England pos- 
sessed the best part of the New World. 

The English soon began to settle beyond the Allegheny 
^Mountains, in the fertile valley of the Mississippi. These moun- 
tains were the natural barrier between the Thirteen Colonies 
and the oNIississippi Valley. Before the French were driven 
out of America the English colonies held a narrow strip between 
the mountains and the Atlantic Ocean. The position of the 
French in the central part of the continent was stronger than 
the English position upon the coast. The English colonists 
outnumbered the French sixteen to one. ' This was one reason 
why the English were able to defeat the French. 



Colonies learn 
their strength 



III. THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD, 1763 TO 1789 
(26 YEARS). 

THE CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 

The Thirteen Colonies had a population of about two mil- 
lions in 1763. In the last French war the colonists learned that 
they were strong. They came to know each other, because they 
had worked together to overthrow the French. 

We must now look at the government of England. The 
government of England was the most liberal in Europe. The 
The English laws were made by Parliament. It had two houses, the House 
Government ^^ Commons, and the House of Lords. The members of the 
House of Commons were elected by the people, but only a few 
House of Com- people had the right to vote for the members. All classes of 
mons people were represented in the House of Commons, but many 



A BRIEF HISTORY OF 




GEORG&WA^ninGTOn 

Drawn by J. Davidsok— Cass 1913 



THE UNITED STATES 



15 



louse of Lord ?^ 



The King 



Parliament de 
nands money 



The Colonies 
Refuse 



^ll-feeling 
Arises 



Battle of 
Lexington 



Washi7igton 



new cities had no representatives. These new cities grew up 
because the newly invented steam engine caused the building 
of factories. 

The House of Lords was composed of nol)k^s. The nienibers 
of the House of Lords were not elected, Init became members 
because of their high birth. 

The King of England did not have as much power as 
Parliament. When George III became king in 1760, his mother 
said to him, "George. l)e a king." He was a very stublwrn 
man. and was insane at times. He tried to make Parlianu^it 
his servant. By bri])ing its mem])ers, Parliament did about as 
he wanted it to do for many years. Thus Parliament was led 
to do things that were not wise. 

In 1764 George III, and his friends in Parliament . de- 
manded that the Thirteen Colonies pay a share of the Englisli 
•debt, which was made in driving the French from America. 
The colonists thought that they had given their share. Besides. 
in each colony the taxes were levied by the colonial assemblies. 
Each one of the Thirteen Colonies had an assembly, whose 
members were elected by the people. (You will remember the 
House of Burgesses in Virginia and the General (Jouj-t in Mas- 
sachusetts. ) 

So when Parliament passed laws demandhig taxes from the 
colonies during the years fi-om 1765 to 1775, the colonists 
refused to pay the taxes. 

"We do not elect representatives to the House of Commons, 
therefore Parliament does not have the right to tax us," said 
the colonists. Ill-feeling increased rapidly between the Mother 
Country and the Thirteen Colonies. England further angered 
the colonists by sending soldiers to Boston, to be fed and 
clothed by the colonists. 

THE BEGINNING OF THE REA^OLFTIONARY WAR, 1775. 

On April 19, 1775, English soldieis were sent to Lexing- 
ton, a town near Boston, to destroy some guns and ])owder 
which the colonists had collected. Tlu\v killed eight Americans, 
but before the English soldiers could ictuin to Boston, numy 
of them were killed. This caused tlie Americans to arm them- 
selves, and soon a large army surrounded IJoston. George 
Washington, of Virginia, was elected eomiuiiiidei- of all the 
American soldiers by the Second Contineiilnl Congress. Wash- 
ington had shown himself to be a brMve and able commander 
in the last war with the French. 



16 



A BRIEF HISTORY OF 



The First Continental Congress met in Philadelphia in 1774; 
it was composed of men elected from twelve colonies. It was 



The Continen- 
tal Congress 



Bunker Hill 



Congress 
adopts the 
famous 
DeclaratioTi 




Its provisions 



Battle of Lexington 

Drawing by an eye witness 
By Permission. From Muzzey's American History. Published by Ginn & Co. 

called "Continental" because it represented nearly all of the 
English colonies upon the continent of North America. It met 
to send protests to the king against the tax laws. On May 10, 
1775, the Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia. 
This Second Continental Congress became the central govern- 
ment of the colonies. It appointed a commander of the Ameri- 
can armies; later it declared the colonies to be independent of 
England ; it sent ministers to foreign countries, etc. 

On June 17, 1775, the first bloody battle was fought upon 
Bunker Hill, just outside of Boston. The English had more 
soldiers than the Americans ancl drove them from the hill, but 
lost 1,000 men — more than twice as many as the Americans. 
It showed the Americans that they could successfully fight the 
trained soldiers of England. The English were besieged in 
Boston until March 17, 1776,. when they had to sail to Canada. 

THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, JULY 4, 1776. 
The Revolutionary War began at Lexington, June 19, 1775, 
but it was nearly one year before the colonies decided to break 
away from England. George III would not listen to the peti- 
tions of Congress to take away the hated laws; instead he pre- 
pared a large army to send to America. In June, 1776, Con- 
gress decided to separate from England. On July 4, 1776, the 
members of Congress, in Philadelphia, adopted the Declaration 
of Independence. 

It declared: 

(1) That all men are equal. 

(2) That governments get their just powers from the people. 



A BRIEF HISTORY OF 



17 



The Effect of 
the Declar- 
ation 



Betsy Ross 



The Flag 
today 



Meaning oj 
the Flag 



Trenton 



Plan to cut 
off New 
England 



(3) That for good reasons the people may do away with the 
old form of government and make a new form. 

(4) That England gave good reasons why the Thirteen 
Colonies should separate from her. 

(5) That the Thirteen Colonies are free and independent. 

By this act the Thirteen Colonies changed to a new nation, 
The United States of America. It took a long war, however, to 
make England recognize the new nation. This famous declara- 
tion was written by Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia. Since July 
4, 1776, was the birthday of the United States; every year the 
"Fourth of July" is a great national holiday. After July 4, 
1776, the war was for independence, and was to last seven years 
—1775-1782. 

THE STARS AND STRIPES, 1777. 

It is said that the first flag bearing the stars and stripes was 
made by Betsy Ross, a young widow, at Philadelphia, in June. 
1776. The American Congress, June 14, 1777, passed a law 
which provided that the flag of the United States should con- 
sist of thirteen stripes, seven red stripes and six white stripes. 
In the upper corner of this flag, nearest the flag-staff, tliere 
were thirteen stars on a blue field. 

The flag of the United States today is the same, with one 
exception; there are now forty-eight stars. The stars represent 
the forty-eight states of the Union. The thirteen stripes repre- 
sent the thirteen original states. 

Washington said, "We take the star from Heaven, the red 
from our mother country, separating it by white stripes, thus 
showing that we have separated from her, and the white stripes 
shall go down to posterity representing liberty." 

THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE, 1776 TO 1782. 

On September 15, 1776, the English captured New York 
City, and held it during the war. On Christmas night, 1776, 
Washington crossed the Delaware River, which was full of 
floating ice, with a small army and captured one thousand 
Hessians at Trenton, New Jersey. (England hired 22,000 
German troops from the Prince of Hesse-Cassel. They were 
called "Hessians" and made good soldiers.) This victory en- 
couraged the Americans after the defeats near New York. 

In 1777 the English planned to get control of the Hudson 
River, and cut off New England, which included Rhode Island, 
Connecticut, New Hampshire and Massachusetts, from the other 
colonies. The British General Burgoyne started to march from 



18 A BRIEF HISTORY OF 

^Montreal, in Canada, with a tine army of eight thousand men. 
General Howe was to come up the Hudson River from New- 
York to meet him, but Howe captured Philadelphia instead. 
On October 17, 1777, the Americans captured Burgoyne's entire 
army at Saratoga. The credit for this victory belongs to Gen- 
eral Schuyler and to General Benedict Arnold. (Arnold, in 
1780. became a traitor. He tried to give the American fort at 
Sai'atoga West Point, upon the Hudson River, to the English. He es- 

caped to the English army at New York.) 

The capture of Burgoyne and his army at Saratoga led 
France comes France to come to the aid of the United States with money and 
to the aid of men. The aid of France made possible the success of the 
the Americans Americans. The treaty with France (1778) was the work of 



Foreigners 

who came to 
America 



Famous 
Commanders 




Yorktmvn, 

17S1 



Benjamin Franklin 

Benjamin Franklin; he was America's lirst foreign ambassador 
and one of her most famous statesmen. 

A number of famous foreigners came to America to help 
the patriots in their war for freedom. Lafayette and De Kalb 
came from France. Baron Steuben came from Prussia. Kos- 
ciusko came from Poland. These men helped Washington to 
make tlie American soldiers skillful fighters. 

General Greene, next to Washington, was the best American 
commander. In 1781 he drove the English from the southern 
states. Paul Jones became famous as a naval fighter. Lord 
Cornwallis was the best English general sent to America, and 
he sutfered the worst defeat of the war. 

In 1781, Cornwallis was unable to defeat Greene in North 
and South Carolina : he then marched to Y^orktown. in Vir- 
ginia. Washington marclied his army rapidly from New York 
to Yorktown. A French tieet and armv were then in America. 



THE UNITED STATES 



19 



England 
recognizes the 
Independence 
of the United 
States 



Purpose and 
Residts of the 
War 



The Central 
Government 



and both came to his aid. The English were besieged in York- 
town by land and sea. On Octo])er 19, Cornwallis surrendered 
his entire army of eight thousand men. This great victory 
practically ended the war. 

England was not only at war with America and France, 
but Spain and Holland also attacked her. She had to acknowl- 
edge the independence of the United States. The treaty which 
ended the war was signed in Paris, Septeml)er o, 1788. By this 
treaty England recognized the UNITED STATES OP AMER- 
ICA as independent. The territory of the laiited States was 
to extend south to Florida, west to the Mississippi River, and 
north to the Great Lakes and Canada. This treaty was a tri- 
umph for American diplomacy. Five men were appointed by 
Congress to' represent the United States. Three men reached 
Paris and did the work ; these three men were Benjamin Frank- 
lin, John Jay, and John Adams. 

Thus a long war ended. It was fought that the THIRTEEN 
COLONIES of England might become a new nation — the 
United States of America. The cause of the war was the great 
principle of self-government. This successful revolt of the 
English colonies had a great effect upon the countries through- 
out the world. Very few statesmen of Europe, in 1783, thought 
that the United States would last long. As time has gone by, 
and the United States has become stronger and stronger, many 
countries have given their peoples self-government. 

THE PERIOD OF DANGER, 1788 TO 1789. 

The period following the War for Independence was one of 
great danger to the life of the new nation. One historian has 
called it "The Critical Period of American History.!' Why 
was this true? 

During the greater part of the Revolution, from 1775 to 
1781, the central government of the Thirteen States was car- 
ried on by the Continental Congress. This Congress took the 
place of the English government. It did not have definite 
powers, and this led the states to adopt the Articles of Confed- 
eration, in 1781. The Articles were a written constitution, it 
was similar to the charters which the King of England gave to 
the early colonies, and gave the power of central government 
to the Congress. This Congress was called the Congress of the 
Confederation. The states were so afraid that that Congress 
would have too much power, that they did not give it enough 
power. 



According to the Articles, each state must have two dele- 



20 



A BRIEF HISTORY OF 



Mempers of 
Co7igress 



Weakness 
of Congress 



Lack of money 



Riots 



Congress 
could not pay 
the debts 



The 

Constitutional 

Convention 



gates in Congress, but could not have more than seven dele- 
gates, and each state had but one vote. The delegates to Con- 
gress were paid by the states, and this caused them to think 
more of the interests of their state than of the United States, 
because a man will obey the man who hires him. 

The restrictions upon Congress made it very weak. It could 
declare war, but it could not raise or support an army. It could 
not levy taxes nor levy duties upon imported goods, but had 
to ask each state to give its share. Thus Congress could not 
demand money, but had to beg for it. After the danger from 
the English soldiers passed away, the States refused to pay 
money when asked to do so by Congress. By the autumn of 

1786, Congress was bankrupt and most of the States were 
nearly so. 

There Avas very little gold or silver money in the country 
at the close of the war, and this left the country to pay for 
goods shipped in from Europe. Thus the people had no money 
to pay their debts. The paper money which had been issued 
by the States and Congress Avas worthless because both Con- 
gress and the States were bankrupt. Riots took place when 
men tried to collect the debts owed them. In Massachusetts, 
two thousand angry farmers tried to seize the guns in the 
United States arsenal at Springfield. This was called Shay's 
Rebellion. The rebellion was put down by the state militia. 

As it is necessary for a man to pay his debts in order to 
have a good reputation, so a government must pay its debts 
to have a good reputation. Congress could not even pay the 
interest upon the debt of the United States. Our friends and 
enemies, both abroad and at home, thought that the country 
would 1)reak up into thirteen countries, or that England or 
France would take the States under their control. 

Attempts to amend the Articles, so that Congress could levy 
taxes and duties, failed, because all of the States had to agree 
to an amendment, and there was always one state to disagree. 
It was truly a dangerous time, with riots at home and without 
respect in foreign countries. Finally, all the states, except 
Rhode Island, sent their ablest men to Philadelphia, in May, 

1787, to try to make a plan whereby the government would be 
strong enough to rule the country. This was known as the 
Constitutional Convention. It held secret meetings for four 
months, with Washington as the presiding officer. This con- 
vention framed the CONSTITUTION of the United States. 
This constitution was adopted by the States June 21, 1788, and 



THE UNITED STATES 



21 



The Govern- 
ment under 
the Constitu- 
tion 



Washington 
elected the 
first President 



The govern- 
ment begins to 
pay the debts 



the government of the United States, as it is today, began the 
following year, in 1789. 

IV. THE NATIONAL PERIOD, 1789 TO THE PRESENT 

TIME. 

THE FIRST PRESIDENT. 

The Constitution of the United States provides for a 
National Government with three branches: (1) The president, 
who executes the laws and enforces them, is called the EXECU- 
TIVE BRANCH of the government. (2) The Congress, which 
makes the laws, is called the LEGISLATIVE BRANCH. (3) 
The third is called the JUDICIAL BRANCH, and is composed 
of courts which interpret the laws, and punish those who dis- 
obey the laws. The highest court is the Supreme Court. Con- 
gress is composed of two houses— the House of Representatives, 
and the Senate. The National Government will be described 
more fully after the completion of the story of the country's 
development. 

Washington was elected unanimously the first president: 
John Adams was elected the first vice-president, and members 
were elected to the First Congress in January, 1789. New 
York City was selected for the capital in 1789, and Congress 
met there March 4, 1789. As there were no railroads, it was 
not until April 6 that Congress had a quorum, that is, enough 
members to transact business. Washington was inaugurated 
(took the oath of office) on April 30, 1789. Thus the new 
national government was started. 

The term of office to which a president is elected is four 
years. During Washington's first term (1789 to 1793) many 
important laws were passed by Congress. One of the most 
/mportant acts was the manner in which the government began 




Express Service in Washington's Day 

By Permission. From Muzzey's American History. Published by Ginn & Co. 



In pay fhr debts of the United States. AVashington appointed 



22 A BRIEF HISTORY OF 

Alexander Hamilton the first Secretary of the Treasury, and 
he insisted that all debts should be paid in full. Congress 
levied duties upon imported goods, and money was raised to 
carry oji the government and pay the debts. The Constitu- 
tion gave Congress the power to levy taxes and import duties. 
Since then the credit of the United States has been good. The 
jx'ople became prosperous and the Ignited States commanded 
the i"('S])ect of all nations. 

It will l)e impossible to describe each president and tin- 
events of each administration. Everyone who expects to live 

,' Pi J ,1 in the Tnited States, and under its laws, should know the names 

.should know the ,. , .^ ., , i ,> , • ,- ^ * 

names of the ^'^^ ^'^^ presidents, with tlie dates or their terms oi ouice. An 

President "administration" is the term of four years, for which eacli 

])resident is elected. No president has been president for more 

Ihan two administrations, but several times the president has 

died during his term of office. When the president dies, the 

vice-president becomes president. 

LIST) OF THE PRESIDENTS 

HOW OFFICE TERM OF OFFICE 

NO. PKESn>K.NT. WAS OBTAINED. ^^ATE. 1 EKM Uf Ur r l^L 

1. George Washington Elected Virginia i wo terms, i<by-l/W 

•_'. John Adams Elected Massachusetts One term, 1797-1801 

:?. Thomas Jefferson Elected Virginia Two terms, 1801-1800 

4. James Madison Elected Virginia Two terms, 1809-1817 

.">. James Monroe Elected Virginia Two terms. lS17-lSli,') 

(i. John Quincy Adams Elected Massachusetts One term, 182r)-lS2n 

7. Andrew Jackson Elected Tennessee Two terms, 182r)-18.''>7 

5. Martin Van Buren Elected New York One term, 1837-1841 

9. William H. Harrison Elected Ohio One month, 1841 

10. John Tyler Vice-President Virginia o years. 11 months. 1841-184.) 

11. James K. Polk Elected Tennessee One term, 184.5-1849 

V2. Zacharv Taylor Elected Louisiana 1 year, 4 months. 1849-1850 

18. Millard Fillmore Vice-President New York 2 years, 8 months, JlSoO-l 853 

14. Franklin Pierce Elected New Hampshire One term, 1853-18.57 

15. James Buchanan Elected Pennsylvania One term, 1857-1861 

Ki. Abraham Lincoln Elected Illinois One term. G weeks, 1S(;1-18()5 

17. Andrew Johnson Vice-President Tennessee 3 yrs., 10y2 months, 18G5-lSt;9 

18. U. S. Grant Elected Illinois Two terms, 18G9-1877 

i'>. Rutherford B. Hayes Elected Ohio One term. 1877-1881 

20. James A. Garfield Elected Ohio • GYs months, 1881 

21. Chester A. Arthur Viee-President New^ York 3 yrs.. 51/2 months, 1881-18S.. 

22. Grover Cleveland Elected New York One term, 1885-1889 

23. Ben.iamin Harrison Elected Indiana One term, 1889-1893 

24. Grover Cleveland Elected New York One term, 1893-1897 

25. William McKinley Elected Ohio < >ne term, GVa mths. 1897-19(H 

2G. Theodore Roosevelt ..Vice-President New York ."! years, 51/2 months, and one 

and elected. term, 1901-1909. 

27. William H. Taft Elected Ohio <^)ne term. 1909-191.3 

2S Wfx.drow Wilson Elected New Jersey One term. 1913-1917 

THE WAR OK 1S12. 

Ill 17S!» the Kreiich Rcvolulion hc^'Jiii. Tlic |)C()i)h' of h'i-;incc 
The Causes revolted against their king, and IT!):! he was put to (h';i1h. In 

the same year France and England hcgMii a long war. which 
was to last almost twenty years. lioth countries caj)! iircil 
.\iiici-ii-aii ships and took their cargoes. I^jiigland anu'crcd the 
riiitiMl Stales more than I'^raiicc. hccaiisc her warships stoppcil 



THE UNITED STATES 23 

American ships and searched them to see if there were English 
sailors on board. If English sailors were found, they were 
made to enter the English navy. During Jefferson's adminis- 
trations, the president tried to have England stop this insuH 
to the American flag, but she continued to stop and seHrdi 
American ships. 

In 1812, after Madison became president, the Tnited States 
Battle of New ^^^^^^^^^d war upon England. This was was called the War of 
Orleans 1^12. It continued two years, from 1812 to 1814. There were 

no large battles fought. The fighting upon land took place 
near the Great Lakes, between Canada and the United States. 
One battle was fought in the South. Andrew Jackson, who 
later became president, defeated an English army of 8,000 men. 
with. 4,500 Americans, near New Orleans. This battle was 
fought January 8, 1815, a few weeks after the Treaty of Peace 
had been signed, because ncAVs traveled very slowly in those 
days. The English failed in their attempts to invade \hv 
United States, and the Americans failed in their attempts to 
invade Canada. 

On the ocean, the Americans won many sea fights Ix'tw.'cn 

single ships. The English navy was the largest in the world. 

Sea-Jights There were eight hundred ships in the English navy, and 

twelve in the American navy. The English were able to l)lock- 

ade the whole American coast. 

One disgraceful event occurred in 1814. The English eap- 
„ . tured Washington and burned the capitol building.* The 

Washingtmi ^^™^"^^^ ^™y «f 7,000 untrained farmers retreated before the 
English army. The burning of the capitol was more of a dis- 
grace to the English than the American retreat was to the 
United States, because it is contrary to the practices of civil- 
ized nations to destroy property of no use in carrying on tlu- 
war. This event had no important results. 

The war ended by the Treaty of Ghent, which was signed 
December 24, 1814. Neither country gained land by the war. 
I he yity England never tried to search American ships after the war, 

I)ut the right of search" was not mentioned m the treaty. 
While the war was going on, the United States could not trade 
with Europe, and Americans began to invest money in fac- 
tories. Thus manufactures began to grow because of the War 

*Washington became the capital of the United States in 1800. 
The capital was first at New York City. From 1790 to 1800 it 
was at Philadelphia. The City of Washington is located upon the 
Potomac River, in a small district call.^d the "District of Colum- 
bia." The site of the city was selected by Washington, and it 
was named after him. 



2A 



A BRIEF HISTORY OF 



of 1812. After the war, in order to protect our "infant indus- 
tries," Congress began the Protective Tariff System, that is, 
the duties upon imported goods were raised, so that foreign 
goods cost more than goods made in this country. Another 
result of the war was to make the nation stronger, because the 
people looked with pride upon the second successful war againsi 
England, and they appreciated the advantages of a strong, 
national government. 




1783 



180S 



1819 



SEVENTY YEARS OF TERRITORIAL GROWTH, 1783 TO 

1853. 

We will next take up the story of the wonderful growth of 
the new nation across the most fertile parts of North Ainerica. 
In 1783 the area of the United States was 827,844 square miles, 
extending west to the Mississippi River. 

France compelled Spain to give back to her the territorx' 
known as Louisiana in 1800. In 1803, the Emperor Napoleon 1 
of France sold this vast territory, which extended from the 
Mississippi River westward to the Rocky Mountains, to the 
United States for $15,000,000. This purchase was made while 
Thomas Jefferson was president, and more than doubled the 
area of the United States. It added 1,171,931 square miles. 

The next addition was made to the south. In 1819 Spain 
sold Florida to the United States for $5,000,000. This pui- 
chase added another 60,000 square miles of land. 



THE UNITED STATES 25 

Spain governed her colonies in Nortli and Soutli Ainericji 
with such cruelty, that in 1821 they revolted and declared 
themselves free and independent nations. It was in 1821 that 
1^A5 ]\Iexico, the nearest neighbor of the United States on the south, 

became independent. Mexico was divided into states like the 
United States. In 1836 the Mexican State of Texas made itself 
independent of Mexico, after a successful war. Many Ameri- 
cans emigrated to Texas. They wanted to make Texas a part 
of the United States. In 1845 Texas was annexed by the 
United States. The area of Texas was about 376.000 squan- 
miles. 

In 1846 a long-standing dispute between the United States 
l^j[^0 and England was settled, and the present States of Oregon. 

Washington and Idaho were acquired. Both countries claimed 
the same land. In 1846 the territory was divided i)eaceably. 
and this gave the United States 300,000 square miles of valua- 
ble land. This was more valuable than that retained by Eng- 
land, because it includes t^lie entire Columbia River valley. 



1HU8 



Texas and JMexico did not agree as to the southern boundary 
of Texas. Texas claimed to the Rio Grande River, while Mex- 
ico said that the boundary was north of the Rio Grande. Presi- 
dent Polk ordered General Taylor to occupy the territory nortli 
of the Rio Grande River. This led to the Mexican War. whicli 
lasted two years, from 1846 to 1848. The American armies 
won every battle, even when the JMexicans had many more 
troops. On September 14, 1847, General Scott captured Mex- 
The Mexican '''*^* ^ity, the capital of Mexico, with a small army of six thou- 
War sand men. In 1848 the Treaty of Peace was signed. By this 

treaty the United States paid over $18,000,000 to Mexico, and 
received 546,000 square miles of land, extending from Texas 
to the Pacific Ocean. This large territory included the pres- 
ent States of California, Nevada, and I'tali. and part of New 
Mexico, Arizona and Colorado. 



lH5.i 



In 1853 the United States bought 47,000 square miles of 
land from Mexico for $10,000,000. This laud was south of th.' 
(iila River. Captain -lames Gadsden was the representativi' of 
the United States in making this pni-ehasc. and it was called 
the "Gadsden Purchase." 

Thus, by 1853. the United States e.vtt'jidcd likr a i)r<.ad bell 

r, •■• ,• across the continent from the Atlantic Ocean to the i'acific 

Fosition of 

Unifed States Ocean. It was a huge territory three thousand miles from east 

to west, and twelve to tifteerv hundred miles in width. The 

total area of the country was 3,026.780 scjuaic inilts. n<;tfl\ as 

lafgc as the critirc continent of Kni'ope. 



26' 



A BRIEF HISTORY OF 



New States 



Texas 



Rhode Island 



Slavery 



Slavery in 
the Colonies 



Different 
ideas about 
work 

Industrial History 
of the American 
People, Moore. 



The greater part of this large territory was acquired peace- 
ably. The settlement of this great empire has caused the 
United States to be called one of the greatest colonizing nations 
in the world. When any part of this territory had enougli 
people to carry on a state government, it applied to Congress 
to be admitted as a new state, and with the consent of Con- 
gress a state government was organized and the new state ad- 
mitted into the Union. Thus, star after star has been added 
to the flag. Vermont was the first state to be admitted, in addi- 
tion to the original thirteen states. It became a state in 1791. 
Indiana, the state in which we live, was the nineteenth state, 
and was admitted in 1816, on December 11. The last two 
territories to become states were New ^Mexico and Arizona. 
These two states were admitted early in 1912. Today there are 
forty-eight states in the Union, and forty-eight stars in the Hag. 

The largest state is Texas, which lias an area of 2H2.29I) 
square miles. This state is larger than any of the following 
countries of Europe: Austria-Hungary, the (lerinan Empire. 
France, Spain or Sweden. 

Rhode Island is the smallest state. It lias an area of twclvt- 
liundred and fifty scjuare miles. 

NEGRO SLAVERY. 

The history of slavery from ancient times to tlie present 
time has been the same. Slavery is the most costly kind of 
labor. It always degrades labor and the lalioring man. 

In 1619 the first slaves were brought to \'irginia. By the 
time of the Revolutionary War all of the Thirteen Colonies 
had slaves. But most of them were soutli of the .Mason and 
Dixon line, which Avas the boundary l^etween Pennsylvania and 
Maryland. In the Southern Colonies, most of the work of 
raising the tobacco, cotton and rice crops was doiu' !)>■ negro 
slaves. In the Northern Colonies there were few slaves, lie- 
cause most of the agricultural work was done by the owners 
of the farms, and a negro could not do anything \n\\ tiie sim- 
plest agricultural labor. 

The Southern white man considered it a disgrace to work, 
while in the North the man who worked was considered the 
best citizen. Governor Carver, of Plymouth, worked as a 
farmer, as did Governor Winthrope, of ^Fassachusetts Bay 
Colony, while the leading men of the ^Middle Colonies were all 
workers in some way. This fact led the people of the North 
and South to have different aims and ideals, even before the 
colonies became independent of England. 



THE UNITED STATES 



27 



Slave labor 

was 

expensive 



The Negro 
was a poor 
worker 



Only a small 
number were 
able to work 



The Cotton- 
Gin, 1793 



The Missouri 
Compromise 

hS.JO 



Why was slave labor expensive ? In the first place, the land 
is exhausted very easily by raising crop after crop, unless much 
care is taken. The slave was a very careless worker, and it 
was soon found that the soil became useless in a short time, 
because nothing would grow upon it. As long as there was 
plenty of land, the Southern planter would plant his tobacco 
and cotton upon new land. This did not last long, as was 
found in Virginia. By the time of the Revolution much of 
the land was worn out, and for this reason Washington and 
Jefferson and other prominent men looked upon slavery as 
sure to die. 

Another reason why slavery was expensive was the fact 
that a slave had no ambition. If the crop was large he would 
receive no reward. It is said that the negroes would often 
injure the growing tobacco while cultivating it so that he would 
liave less work. A slave could not acquire property, because 
he himself was property. A negro would do only about two- 
fifths as much work as a free laborer in the North. 

A third illustration of the expense of slave labor is the fact 
that if a planter had one hundred slaves, not more than twenty- 
five or thirty would be able to do the work of a healthy, grown- 
up man. Because a negro was of no value until he was twelve 
years old, and some would be sick, and others too old to work. 

Before 1793, cotton was not a very valuable crop in the 
South, because it was very difficult to separate the seeds from 
the cotton fiber. It is said that one negro could clean only 
about one pound of cotton by working all day. In 1793, Eli 
Whitney, a Massachusetts man, who was teaching school in 
(Jeorgia, invented a machine which separated the seeds from 
the cotton very quickly. It was called a "cotton gin." With 
1his machine a negro could clean hundreds of pounds in a day. 
The result of this invention was to make cotton the leading 
crop of the South. The Southerners soon called it '"^King 
Cotton." More negroes were bought by the Southerners, and 
slave Icilior spread throughout the states south of the Mason 
;iml Dixon line and tlie Ohio River. 

When states were formed west of the Mississippi River the 
question arose as to whether they should have slavery or come 
into the l^nion as Free States. In 1820 the Southern slave 
owners were satisfied to have ilissouri come into the Union 
;is i\ Slave State, and to allow the rest of the Louisiana Pur- 
chase of 1803 lying west and north to remain free territory. 
This \v;is culled the ^lissoni-i ("oinproiiiise. The (|uestion of 



2S A BRIEF HISTORY OF 

extending slavery was discussed in Congress with increasing 
frequency, and after 1830 it was the leading politic^al question 
until 1861, when the Civil War began between the North and 
South. 

THE GROWTH OF MANUFACTURING. 

We have already seen that factories began to be Imilt dur- 
ing the War of 1812. More and more factories were built in 
Factoriei'i arc the cities of the North. They were not built in the South. 
built in the for the reason already given — that negroes were not skilled 
North workmen and never would become good workers as long as the\' 

remained in slavery. One result of building factories, as wf 
saw when factories were built in England in the year 1760 and 
following, was to make large cities. The North continued to 
progress in agriculture, but she also had large and growin<" 
manufacturing cities. The white population grew rapidly in 
the North, but in the South it grew slowly. Foreign men aVid 
women, who began to come to the United States in large num- 
bers after 1840, had no desire to go into the Southern Statc-s 
where the laboring man was looked down upon, so they settled 
in the North. The productive farms, the growing factories. 
and the increasing population caused the North to surpass tin- 
South in wealth and power. 

The increasing population gave the North more representa- 
tives in the National House of Representatives. But as long 
as there were as many Slave States as Free States, the South 
had as many senators as the North, because there are tw(t 



The North had 



more power m 

the House of senators elected from each state. By keeping the number o1 

Re'presenta- senators equal, the Southerners knew that no laws could be 

t'lves passed against slavery, because the House of Representatives 

and Senate must both vote in favor of a measure, in order to 

make it a law. As a result the South made increasing demands 

upon the North in her attempts to extend slavery and retain 

her power. 

THE GROWTH OF ILULROADS. 

In 1826 the first railroad was built at Quiney, Massachu- 

Thejirat setts. Before this time travel and the carrying of freight were 

raitroaa. ^^ow and expensive. Large amounts of money were expended 

rnnnh "^ building roads and canals. The National government built 

a road over the Allegheny Mountains, across Ohio and Indiana. 

and as far west as Illinois. In 1825 the State of New York 

•-.ompleted a canal 363 miles in length, from Lake Erie to the 

Hudson R»^»v. These great improvements aided the settlement 

of the Wwhf. ()ut it was the railroad that made possible the 

rapid growth of the United Stales inort' than anything else. 



THE UNITED STATES 



29 



Between 1830 and 1840 twenty-three hundred miles of track 
were constructed, but only 487 miles were built in the South, all 




An Early Train 

The Engine was Named DeWitt Clinton— after the Governor of New York 

of the rest were in the North. The railroads in the South were 
used chiefly for hauling cotton to the rivers or seaports. In the 
North railroads became the means of travel as well as the 
r> -, , means of carrying freight. In 1860 the Southern States had 

aid the farmer °^^ ^' one-halt as many miles of railroad as the Northern States. 
and the With the railroad a farmer could sell his grain and cattle for 

manufacturer a good price. Before the railroad the farmer could get but a 




The 20th Century Limited 

This Train Travels between Chicago and New York. It goes through Gary every day. 

Small price, because of the high cost of transporting his prod- 
uce to the markets in the cities. The railroad has given a 
like aid to the manufacturer, because if a mill owner could not 
sell his products for a good price, he could not afford to manu- 
facture them. 

THE STEAMBOAT. 

In 1807, an American, Robert Fulton, invented the first 
steamboat. In 3 811, a steamboat was built at Pittsburg on the 



30 



A BRIEF HISTORY OF 



The Steam- Ohio River, and from that time the steamboat aided in the 

devdomdthe ^''''''^^' ^""'^ development of the country. Now huge steam- 

countrij ^^"P^ ^.^^^'^' ^^^^^^ cargoes of passengers and freight across the 

Atlantic Ocean in less than a week, and steamships carry large 

cargoes upon the Great Lakes and the American Rivers. The 

building of this city was due to the railroad and the steamboat. 

EVENTS LEADING TO THE CIVIL WAR, 1830 TO 1861. 

The difference between the two sections of the country is 

Sovth Carolina^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ trouble which arose in 1832 between the 

and the Union National Government and the State of South Carolina. The 

North wanted protection for its manufactures, and as the 

South bought all of its goods, it opposed the high tariff duties 

on imports. South Carolina refused to pay the duties, and 

President Jackson threatened to send an army into the state. 

South Carolina paid the duties and no blood was shed, but it 

showed that slavery had divided the country into two sections, 

with different industries and different ideas of the power of the 

National Government. 



The laws of 
1850 and 185J^ 



In the North, newspapers began to be published which fa- 
Abolition vored the abolition (freeing) of the slaves. The people who 

NewspaTpers believed in abolition were called "Abolitionists." Few people 

in the North were Abolitionists, but the Southerners were 

greatly angered by these papers. 

The annexation of Texas and the Mexican War were the 
results of the South 's desire to extend slavery and to have as 
many slave states as there were free states. In 1850 and 1854, 
the Southerners were able to have laws passed which repealed 
the Missouri Compromise of 1820. These laws provided that 
in all the western territories, North and South, the people 
should decide for themselves whether they should come into the 
L'nion as slave or free states. This amazed the North and 
caused many Northerners to become active opponents to the 
extension of slavery. 

A part of the law of 1850 provided that the United States 
Fugitive officers should help the Southerners catch all run-away slaves. 

Slaves A slave-owner could come into the North and take any negro 

he chose to claim as his property. The Northerners thought 
this an injustice. It brought before their eyes the worst side 
of slavery. They helped many negroes to escape to Canada, and 
this angered the Southerners. 



In 1852, a book called "Uncle Tom's Cabin" was published 
in the North. This book described life in the South, and told 



THE UNITED STATES 



31 



Uficle Tom's 
Cabin 



The Dred 

Scott decisioji 
1857 



The Republi- 
can Party 



how negro families were ^ ■ ^k- - up when the slaves were sold. 
It also told of kind treain;.^.^t of the slaves in some parts of 
the South, and cruel treatment in other parts. Many copies 
of the book were sold, and it increased the ill-feeling between 
the two sections of the country. 

In the struggle which took place to extend slavery into the 
western territories the North showed that she had a better 
chance to secure them than the South. This was because it was 
easier for the free Northerners to emigrate into a new territory 
than it was for a Southerner with his slaves. It looked as 
though the number of Slave States could not be increased even 
under the laws of 1850 and 1854. So the South made a new 
attempt to extend slavery. In 1857 the Supreme Court, which 
had more judges from the South than from the North, made 
a decision in the Dr-d Smtt Case which allowed a Slave 
Owner to take his slaves into any territory of Free State. It 
also forbade Congress or a State legislature to prevent him. 
This decision opened the entire country to slavery. The court 
had over-stepped its authority, because it was not asked to 
decide all of these ciuestions. The South applauded the deci- 
sion, but the North refused to accept it as a just decision. It 
aroused the North as nothing else had done. The Northerners 
did not want to abolish slavery, with the exception of the Abol- 
itionists, but the desperate efforts of the Slave-Owners to ex- 
tend slavery, caused the wrath of the North to rise. 

THE ELECTION OF LINCOLN. 

In 1854 a new political party arose, it was called the Re- 
publican party, and was opposed to the further extension of 
slavery. The election of 1856, in which President Buchanan 
was elected, showed that large numbers of Northerners had 
joined this party. 



In the presidential campaign of 1860 the Democratic party 
divided into two parts, the Democrats of the North could not 
The election of agree with the Southern Democrats that slavery should be pro- 
tected by Congress. The new Republican party declared that 
Congress should forbid slavery in the territories, and repudi- 
ated the Dred Scott Decision. Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois, 
was the Republican candidate for the presidency. The elec- 
tion was held on November 6, 1860, and Lincoln was elected. 

THE LAST FOUR MONTHS OF BUCHANAN'S ADMIN- 
ISTRATION. 

The South had threatened to secede (withdraw) from the 
Union, if Lincoln was elected. South Carolina was the first 



A BRIEF HISTORY OF 



Secession of 
South Carol- 



ina 



The 

Confede7'acy 

formed 



The Cotton 
Crop 



The South 
bought food 
from the 
North 



state to secede. Some of the citizens of South Carolina held a 
State Convention, and this convention voted that the state was 
no longer a part of the United States, December 20, 1860. The 
presidential election always comes the first Thursday after the 
first Monday in November, but the president is not inaugu- 
rated until March 4, the following year. So Lincoln did not 
begin his administration until March 4, 1861. During this 
period from November, 1860, to March, 1861, President Buch- 
anan did nothing to prevent the Southerners from taking forts 
and military stores belonging to the United States. 

On February 4, 1861, the Southern states formed a new 
national government called the Confederate States of America. 
They elected for their president, Jefferson Davis of IMississippi. 
It was the idea of the Slave-owners that they would be able 
to make a better bargain with the North out of the Union than 
in it. The North had always given them what they wanted, 
and therefore they thought that the North would give them 
anything they demanded to induce them to come back into the 
Union. They thought that cotton was the most important 
product, and the cotton crop the largest crop of the United 
States. This was a great mistake, for the value of the northern 
Delaware. (See map.) The eleven states which seceded had 
a population of less than nine millions, of these only five and 
hay crop just before 1861 was about twice the value of the 
cotton crop. The hay crop was not considered the most im- 
portant crop of the North. 

Not only did the South buy all of her manufactured goods. 




Picking and Loading Cotton 

By Permission. From Muzzey's American History. Publisiied by Ginn & Co. 

but the planters produced very little food, and the North sold 
to the Slave-owners large quantities of meat and grain. The 



THE UNITED STATES 33 

Southerners wlio were withdrawing from the Union did not 
realize these conditions. 

There were fifteen Slave States in all, but four of them 
The slave <^^f^ not secede. They were Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland and 

States one-half millions were whites, and three and one-half millions 

were negro slaves. In the twenty-three loyal states there were 

Iwenty-two millions of whites. 

The states which formed the Confederate States of America 
were as follows, with the date of their secession: 

Dates of South Carolina December 20, 1860 

Secession Florida January 9, 1861 

Alabama January 10, 1861 

Georgia January 11, 1861 

Louisiana January 26, 1861 

Texas February ], 1861 

Virginia April 17, 1861 

Arkansas May 6, 1861 

North Carolina May 20, 1861 

Tennessee June 8, 1861 

(Locate all of these states upon the map.) 

On March 4, 1861, Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated presi- 
dent of the United States. In his inaugural address he said 
Lincoln's ^'i^t he had no intention of interferring with slavery, but that 

Inaugural he would "preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of 

Address the United States." He said he would not attack the South, 

but if M^ar was begun the Southerners would have to begin it. 

THE GREAT AMERICAN CIVIL WAR. 

THE FIRST GUN. 
Most of the forts and arsenals belonging to the United 
Fort Sumter ^^^^^^ which were located in the South were captured by the 
captured Confederates without opposition. Fort Sumter, which was sit- 

April lU, 1861 uated upon an island in the harljor of Charleston, South Caro- 
lina, was held by Major Anderson and eighty men. It was 
surrounded by forts and batteries, occupied by about six thou- 
sand Confederates. General Beauregard asked Major Ander- 
son to surrender, but he refused. On Friday, April 12, 1861, 
at 4:30 in the morning, the first gun was fired at the fort. 
The great American Civil War had begun ! For thirty-four 
hours fifty cannon poured their fire upon it. The fort was 
almost destroyed, and on Sunday, April 14, it surrendered. No 
one was injured by the bombardment, and Major Anderson 
and his garrison embarked for New York. 



SU 



A BRIEF HISTORY OF 




Sketch by Marguerite Stratton, 1913 



St. Gauden's Statue of Lincoln, Lincoln Park, Chicago 



THE UNITED STATES 



35 



Results of 
the capture 
of Sumter 



1861 



1862 



1863 

The Negroes 
Freed 



Battle of 
Gettysburg 



The North was fired with anger. On April 15, President 
Lincoln called for seventy-five thousand volunteers. (At the 
close of the war there were over one million soldiers in the 
army of the United States.) Those in the North who did not 
care what was done with the slaves, were ready to die to protect 
the Union. Both Northerners and Southerners rushed to arras. 

FROM SUMTER TO APPOMATTOX— 1861 TO 1865. 

There was little fighting in 1861. The principal battle was 
fought at Bull Run Creek in Virginia, just thirty miles from 
Washington. The Union army was at first successful, but was 
finally driven from the field. The South was elated. The 
North was awakened to the fact that a great war was to be 
fought, and that great preparations must be made. 

The battle-line in 1862 extended from the Atlantic Ocean 
to the Mississippi River. In the East the Union armies failed 
in their attempts to take Richmond, and the Confederate 
armies under their able commander, General Robert E. Lee, 
failed in their attempt to invade the North. In the West, in 
Kentucky and Tennessee, General Grant was successful, and 
caused the Confederates to yield part of these states. Admiral 
Farragut, the Union naval commander, captured the important 
port of New Orleans, at the mouth of the Mississippi River. 
The Union warships blockaded the Southern Ports, and the 
South was cut off from the outside world. 

During the first two years the war was to protect and pre- 
serve the Union. On January 1, 1863, President Lincoln freed 
all the slaves in the Confederate states by the EMANCIPA- 
TION PROCLAMATION. This was the most important event 
of the war. After January 1, 1863, the North was fighting 
to free the negroes, as well as to preserve the Union. 

General Lee won two victories over the Union armies in 
Virginia in December, 1862, and May, 1863. In June he started 
to march into the North with his powerful army of 85,000 men. 
The Confederates passed through Maryland and entered Penn- 
sylvania. A Union army of 95,000 men under General George 
G. Meade met Lee's army at the village of Gettysburg, on July 
1, 1863. Here was fought the greatest battle that has ever been 
fought upon American soil. Both armies were well-trained, 
and veterans of three years' fighting. The Union army occu- 
pied a hill or ridge three miles in length. The Confederates 
held a similar ridge about a mile away. For three days terri- 
ble and bloody fighting took place (July 1, 2 and 3). On July 
3 Lee ordered the Confederate General Pickett to attack the 



36 



A BRIEF HISTORY OF 



Capture of 
Vickshurg 



Chickamauga 

and 

Chattanooga 



186A 



Grant attacks 
Richmond 



Sherman in 
Georgia 



center of the Union line. With 15,000 of his l)ravest soldiers 
he charged across the valley. His force was in three lines, a 
mile in length. Eighty cannon tore great holes in these lines, 
but they came on until the hill occupied by the Union army 
was aflame with a murderous fire. Some of the Confederates 
reached the top, and here they were crushed in terrible hand- 
to-hand fighting. The great charge failed, and Lee was de- 
feated. On the following day, July 4, he retreated from Gettys- 
burg, having lost one-third of his army, 30,000 men. The Union 
army lost 23,000 men. The Confederates were never able to 
invade the North again. 

On the same day that Lee retreated from Gettysburg, Gen- 
eral Grant captured Vicksburg, upon the Mississippi River. 
This was a great Confederate stronghold, and its capture gave 
the Union army over 30,000 prisoners, and what was more im- 
portant, the North thus had control of the Mississippi River. 
Thus two great victories were won by the North on July 4. 
1863. Had this been a war between two nations, peace would 
have followed these victories. But this was a war between 
brothers, a civil war, and civil wars are always the most ter- 
rible. The war continued nearly two years longer. The South 
did not give up until she was completely worn out. 

There were other battles in 1863. The Confederates won 
a victory at Chickamauga in Georgia, September 19 and 20. 
In November, Grant took command of the Union army at Chat- 
tanooga, Tennessee, near Chickamauga, and on November 24 
and 25, he defeated the Confederates and drove them into 
Georgia. 

In March, 1864, General Grant was made commander-in- 
chief of all of the armies of the United States. In ]\Iay he 
marched with a Union army of 150,000 men against Richmond, 
the capital of the Confederate States. Many bloody battles 
were fought north of Richmond. In one of these battles five 
thousand men fell in twenty minutes. Before the end of June 
Grant had lost more than sixty thousand men, and Lee's loss 
was forty thousand. Grant then attacked Richmond from the 
south. Here the Union army remained during the rest of 1864, 
keeping Richmond in a state of seige. 

At the same time that Grant was fighting Lee near Rich- 
mond, General William T. Sherman was leading another Union 
army into Georgia. On September 2, he captured Atlanta, 
one of the few manufacturing cities of the South. He then 
marched two hundred miles to Savannah, on the Atlantic coast. 



A BRIEF HISTORY OF 



37 



Close of 186J, 



which he captured on December 21. General Thomas, another 
famous Union commander, completely cut to pieces a Confed- 
erate army at Nashville, Tennessee, on December 15. 

The year of 1864 closed with the Confederates in control 





1S65 



Surrender of 
Lee 




General U. S. Grant 

of only three states, vSouth Carolina, North Carolina, and a 
part of Virginia. 

The South was worn out, while the North had grown con- 
tinually stronger. The fighting continued between Grant and 
Lee around Richmond, during IMarch, 1865. But it was a los- 
ing fight for Lee. On April 2 he retreated from Richmond, 
and April 3 the Union armies entered the city that they had 
tried to capture for four long years. On April 8 Lee and his 
army was surrounded west of Richmond at Appomattox Court 
House. On the following day, April 9, Lee surrendered to 
Grant. The Confederate army of 29,000 was nearly starved, 
and they were given plenty of food by the Union soldiers. Grant 
treated the captured army with great kindness. He ordered 



38 



A BRIEF HISTORY Oh 



End of the 
War 



that all Confederates owning horses or mules should be allowed 
to take them home. "They will need them for the sprinj; 
plowing," he said. 

Wheii Lee left his sad veterans lie said: "j\Ien, we have 
fought through the war together. T have done the best T could 
for you." 

The war ended on April 26, when General Johnston sur- 
rendered to General Sherman in North Carolina. 



View of the Civil 
War. 



o ^.„, ^f ^11 the North about four out of everv nine served three 

the War years ; in the South, nine out of ten did so. The bulk of thf 

Dodge: "Birdspye soldiers Were Called volunteer troops, because the United States 
never had a large regular array. ]Most of the officers in both 
the Southern and Northern armies were educated at the United 
States Military Academy at West Point. The total loss of life 
due to the war was about one million men. At least seven hun- 
dred men lost their lives each day of the four years' war. The 
whole cost of the war to the United States government was 
about ten billions of dollars. (None of the debt made by the 
South has been or ever can l)e paid, because it was used against 
the United States.) This large sura includes the enormous 
amounts paid as pensions to the soldiers who were injured, or 
who have needed aid since the war. No country in the world 
has done as ranch, for the soldiers who served in its defence. 



Results of 
the war 



The Killing 
of Lincoln 



Abraham 

Lincoln 

1809-1865 



The war preserved the Union. Instead of two nations, there 
was one nation and one country — the United States. It was 
forever decided that a state could not withdraw from the Union. 
Secession was dead. The war also abolished negro slavery. 
Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation had declared the slaves 
in the Confederate states to be free. This was confirraed and 
extended to the other slave states by the Thirteenth Amendment 
to the Constitution on December 18, 1865. 

Hardly had the North recovered from the joy of Lee's sur- 
render, when the news was telegraphed throughout the country 
that President Lincoln had been shot by an assassin. He was 
shot on the night of April 14, 1865, while he was attending a 
play in a theater at "Washington. The grief of the people was 
unbounded. It was he who had been the pilot of the country 
through the great civil war, and he ranks with Washington as 
the greatest of American statesmen and patriots. 

Abraham Lincoln was born in Kentucky, February 12, 1809. 
His parents were very poor. The family moved from Kentucky 
to Indiana, and from Indiana to Illinois. Lincoln had a hard 



THE UNITED STATES 



39 



Johnson and 
Congress 



The negro 
and the 
Soiitheryi 
white man 



struggle to get an education. It is said that he would walk 
miles to borrow a book. He grew to be a strong man, over 
six feet in height. Because of his ability to cut down trees 
and split them into rails, he was called the "Rail-splitter," and 
because of his honesty he was called "Honest Abe." He be- 
came a lawyer at Springfield, Illinois, and became well known 
for his ability and for his honesty. He became known through- 
out the country because of his opposition to the extension of 
slavery. As president during the Civil War it was Abraham 
Lincoln who was the great leader. The more you study the 
life of Lincoln the more you will realize how honest, how "kind, 
and how great he was. 

REBUILDING THE UNION. 

After the death of President Lincoln, Vice-President John- 
son became President. It was the duty of Congress and the 
President to provide for the return of the Southern Representa- 
tives to Congress. It was also the duty of the National Gov- 
ernment to reorganize the State Governments and protect the 
negroes in the South. Congress and President Johnson could 
not agree as to the manner in which this difficult work was to 
be done. It was difficult because the Northern Congressmen 
did not understand the Southerners. Laws were passed, with- 
out the consent of the President, which injured the pride of the 
Southerners. The aim of Congress was to see that the South 
not only freed the negroes, but to see that the rights of the 
negroes as citizens were respected. The measure which bore 
hardest upon the Southerner was the one which gave the negro 
the right to vote. On the other hand, the Southern leaders 
were not allowed to vote because they had fought against the 
Union. ]\Iany of the negroes were ignorant and lazy, and were 
inclined to feel very proud of their new rights. These condi- 
tions were almost unl)earalJe to the Southern white man of 
education. 



If Lincoln had lived the period of "Reconstruction" would 



The soldiers 

withdrawn 

from the South ^^^^^ ^®^^ shoi-ter, and would have caused less hard feeling. 
It was not until 1871, in President Grant's first administration, 
that all of the Southern States were allowed to send Repre- 
sentatives and Senators to Congress. President Grant sent 
troops into the South to preserve order, and this was not liked 
by the Southerners. When Mr. Hayes became President in 
1877, he withdrew the troops from the South. This was the 
best thing to do, because it allowed the Southern people to set- 
tle their difficulties in their own wav. 



w 



A BRIEF HISTORY OF 



The United 
States buys 
more land 



Conditions 
are better in 
the South 
than ever be- 
fore 



THE PURCHASE OF ALASKA, 1867. 

Ill 1867 the United States bought the huge territory of 
Alaska from Russia for $7,200,000. Alaska is the large penin- 
sula which forms the northwestern part of the continent of 
North America, and its purchase added 577,390 square miles 
to the area of the United States. It is too far north for ex- 
tensive agriculture, but it has proved very valuable because 
of the seal-fur trade, its lisheries, and its mines of coal, iron 
and gold. 

INDUSTRIAL GROWTH IN THE SOUTH. 

The industries of the North, manufacturing and agricul- 
ture, had continued to grow during the war. In the South 
it was different, the land was devasted by the invading armies. 
The greater part of her productive wealth, or capital as it is 
called, was taken away from her when the slaves were freed. 
We have seen that slave labor was unprofitable, and after the 
South became accustomed to the change to Free Labor, she 
liegan to nuike progress. Railroads and manufactories were 
built, and are still being ])uilt in the South. The cotton crop 
is still the great crop of the Southern States, but other crops 
are now raised, and scientific methods and improved machinery 
are used in agriculture. 

GREAT A:\IERICAN INVENTIONS. 

The Americans have always been an inventive people. We 





The First McCor.mick Reaping-Machine, or Harvester. 1834. 

-Courtesy International Harvester Company. 



THE UNITED STATES 



Al 



The Telegaph have noted the inventions of Eli Whitney and Robert Fulton. 

andthe Reaper in 1844 the electric telegraph was invented by Samuel Morse. 
The telegraph has made possible rapid communication between 
all parts of the country and world. Another invention of great 
importance was the invention of the reaping machine. With 
this machine one man can cut more grain in a day than twenty 
men could cut by hand with cradles. This invention was made 
in 1834 by Cyrus McCormick of Chicago. As a result of it, 
bread can be had by the poorest people in all parts of the world. 

Many inventions were made after the Civil War. Among 

them were the Bessemer Process of changing iron into steel, 

The Bessemer which was first widely used in 1867, and the Open-hearth 

process and Method which was invented in 1869. The Steel and Iron In- 
the (ji3efi~ • i? 

hearth method ^^"^^^^^ ^rew rapidly. One reason was the rapid growth ot 

railroads, and the demand for steel and iron to build them. 
Another reason was the opening of great iron mines. Of espe- 
cial interest to the people of Gary were those which were opened 
in upper Michigan and in Wisconsin. This is because it has 
been found more economical to transfer the ore by lake steam- 
ers to some port with good railroads, and there manufacture 
it into steel, than to ship the ore all the way to Pittsburg and 
other old iron centers, which are near coal mines. This ex- 




Gary Harbor 

Showing the arrival of the Ore. The ships in this picture are of the Whaleback type, 
these steel ships are the leading freight carriers of the Great Lakes. The ship in the foreground 
has not been unloaded and is low in the water. The second ship is nearly unloaded. The ore 
is unloaded by huge dippers, operated by electrical power. The Blast Furnaces are in the dis- 
tance. 



h2 



A BRIEF HISTORY OF 



Why Gary 
ivas built in 
1906 



plains the building of Gary. The coal is shipped here from 
tiie mines of Illinois, Indiana and Ohio, the ore is brought into 
Gary harbor by huge ore-ships, and the many good railroads 
furnish the means fcr shipping the finished steel products to 
all parts of the United States. 



DEVELOPMENT OF THE WESTERN STATES. 

In 1869 the Union Pacific Railroad was built. This rail- 
road extended across the plains and mountains, from the Mis- 
sissippi River to the Pacific Coast. Other railroads have since 
been built. The result has been to encourage settlers to go 
into the Western States. The West now produces large quan- 
Gold discovered}^^^^^ ^^ grain, cattle and sheep. Gold was discovered in Cali- 



Bu Tiding of 
railroads 



in 18^8 



Mines and 
Mining 

Fruit farms 



The Home- 
stead Laiv 
1862 



Opportunities 
upon the 
farms 



fornia in 1848. Thousands of people rushed into that territory, 
and in a short time there were enough people to have a state 
government. But in the Western States away from the coast, 
it was due to the railroads that they also developed. The west- 
ern mountains have been found to contain great quantities of 
valuable minerals — silver, lead and copper. INIining is there- 
fore one of the important industries of several of the Western 
States. The states upon the coast have been found to be suited 
for raising many kinds of fruit. In California oranges, lemons 
and other semi-tropical fruits are profitable crops. 

AGRICULTURE IN THE UNITED STATES. 

In 1862 the National Government encouraged settlers to 
go into the Western Territories by a law called the Homestead 
Law. T'his law provided that any man could have 160 acres 
of land for almost nothing, providing he would live on 
it for five years. Many immigrants from Europe took advan- 
tage of this liberal law, and acquired lands for farms and 
homes. 

Agriculture is different in this country than it is in Europe, 
because the population is not so dense, and farming is done 
upon a larger scale. Labor-saving machinery is used upon Amer- 
ican farms for doing work, that in Europe is still done by hand. 
But there is no reason why foreigners who have lived upon 
farms in Europe may not become good farmers here, and many 
have done it. There is a great demand for farm laborers in 
this section of the country (Indiana, Illinois, Ohio, etc.), as 
well as in the West. By saving a part of what he earns, a 
farm laborer can soon become an owner of a farm. Many of 
our foreign men and women make the mistake of crowding into 
our large cities, and entering dangerous and unhealthful oc- 
cupations, when there are great opportunities inviting them 




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THE UNITED STATES 



IfS 




Modern Methods of Farming 

This machine Reaps, Threshes, and Bags Grain at the same time. 
---Courtesy International Harvester Company. 

to the farming sections of the CvOiintiy — in the North, AVest and 
South. 

PRESIDENT GARFIELD AND THE CIVIL SERVICE 

REFOR.AI. 

The Presidents have always gone about in public as do or- 
dinary citizens. As a result three Presidents have been as- 
Assassination sassinated. President Garfield was the second President to 
of Garfield meet his death at the hands of a murderer. He became Presi- 
dent in March, 1881. On July 2, 1881, he was shot while wait- 
ing for a train in the Baltimore & Ohio railway station at 
Washington. He lived until September, and upon his death 
the Vice-President, Chester A. Arthur, became president. Pres- 
ident Garfield was shot by a man who wanted a government 
position, but the President refused to appoint him, and he took 
his revenge by shooting Mr. Garfield. 

This awakened the people to the necessity of taking out 
of the President's hands the appointment of men and women 
Need of civil to a large number of offices. It was shown that the President 
service reform did not have the time to appoint the many postmasters, clerks, 
and stenographers. A law was passed by Congress called the 
Civil Service Law, which provided for giving examinations to 
those who wanted positions. By this means those who were 
best fitted were selected. Over 110,000 positions are now filled 



hU 



A BRIEF HISTORY OF 



by this method. The men and women who are best trained thus 
get many of the positions in the government service. 

THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR, 1898. 

We have already seen how Spain lost her colonies in North 

and South America, because of her cruelty and misgovern- 

Spain and her ment. AYe will now see how Spain lost Cuba and her other 

Possessio7is island possessions, and for the same reason that slie lost her 

other colonies. 



The Maine 
destroyed 



War declared 
by the United 
States 



In 1895 the Cubans began a War for Independence. A large 
Spanish army destroyed much property and treated the Island- 
ers most cruelly, but she was unable to concjuer the Cubans. 
This caused the Americans to sympathize with the Cubans. 
In February, 1898, the United States sent the battleship Maine 
to Havana harbor, in Cuba. Shortly after her arrival she was 
blown up, and nearly the whole crew was killed. This had 
the same effect upon the people of the United States that the 
firing upon Fort Sumter in 1861 had upon the North. The 
whole country was thoroughly angered and aroused. 

The conditions in Cuba grew worse each day. President 
McKinley demanded that the war against the Cubans be brought 
to an end. Congress asked Spain to withdraw her troops from 
Cuba, and give independence to the islanders. Spain refused, 
and on April 21, 1898, war was declared by the United States. 



The battle of 
Manila Bay 



The Santiago 
Campaign 




American Battleship, 1898. 

Commodore Dewey, the commander of an American fleet, 
then at Hongkong, China, immediately sailed to the Philip- 
pine Islands, which belonged to Spain. He boldly sailed into 
the harbor of Manila, where he quickly destroyed ' the Spanish 
fleet in a battle lasting but a few hours, on May 1, 1898. Later 
an army was sent to the Philippines, and they were taken from 
the Spaniards. ^1 

The remaining campaigns took place in the islands of Cuba 
and Porto Rico. A Spanish fleet w^as sent to Cuba, and the 
American warships blockaded it in Santiago harbor. Santiago 
is located upon the southern coast of Cuba. An army of 15,000 
American soldiers were sent to attack the city by land. On 
July 1 the American army took the forts which overlooked 



A BRIEF HISTORY OF 



Jf5 



the city. On July 3 the Spanish fleet tried to escape from 
the harbor, and the entire fleet of six warships was sunk l)y 
the American fleet under the command of Commodores Scldey 
and Sampson. Two weeks later the city surrendered with 22,000 
Spanish soldiers. An interesting event of the Santiago cain- 
Voijage of the paign was the long voyage of the battleship Oregon. Tliis shi]i 
Oregon ^^.^^ ^^ g^j^ Francisco when tlie war began. It sailed around 

South America, and joined the American fleet before Santiago, 
after a voyage of 11,000 miles. 

After the capture of Santiago, General ^Nliles landed a large 
army in Porto Rico. Before a l)atfle was fought, Spain asked 
The Treaty of ioJ" terms of peace. The war had lasted only one hundred 
Peace days. Following are the terms of the treaty: 

(1) Cuba was given her independence; 

(2) The Philippines, Porto Rico, Guam and another small 
island were ceded to the United States ; 

(3) The United States paid $20,000,000.00 to Spain for the 
Philippines. 



Results of the 
War 



Islands ask to 
become a part 
of the Uyiited 
States 



McKinley is 
shot 



The war with Spain brought the United States into the 
first i-ank among the military powers of the world. The easy 
and complete victories of the American Heets and armies raised 
the country in the estimation of European nations. All the 
European countries, except England, had said that Spain would 
be successful. Anothei- important result was to show that the 
United States was united. During the Spanish-American war 
there was no North, no South, no East, and no West. The 
citizens of the whole country united to uphold the honor of 
the Stars and Stripes. 

ANNEXATION OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 

During the war, in July, 1898, the Hawaiian Islands were 
annexed to the United States. They lie in the Pacific Ocean 
about twenty-one hundred miles west of San Francisco. In 
1893 the people of the islands revolted against their (jueen. 
They erected a republic, and asked to be annexed to the United 
States. The islands make a valuable place from which to sup- 
ply our warships with supplies. In case of war they woi^jkl 
aid in defending our western coast. The chief products of the 
islands are sugar and rice. Honolulu is the capital. It has a 
good harbor, and is rapidly growing in commercial importance. 

THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES SINCE 1900. 

President McKinley, who was President during the Spanish- 
American war, was inaugurated March -1, 1897. In 1900 he 



46 



Roosevelt 

becomes 

President 



The Panama 
Canal 



A BRIEF HISTORY OF 



was elected for a second term. On September 5, 1901, while 
attending the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo, he was shot 
by an anarchist. He died a few days later on September 13. 
Thus William McKinley became the third martyred President. 
Theodore Roosevelt, the Vice-President, immediately became 
President. 

]\Ir. Roosevelt was one of the officers of a famous regiment 
in the Spanish-American War, called the "Rough Riders." He 
was very popular with the people, and was called "Teddy." 
He was elected for a second term in 1904, and was inaugurated 
March 4, 1905. While he was president the United States 
bought a strip of land from the Republic of Panama for the 
purpose of building a canal across the isthmus which connects 
North and South America. The digging of the Panama Canal 
began in May, 1904. The canal when completed will be a great 
monument to American industry and skill. The canal will be 
completed before the end of 1913, but will not be opened for 




Length of Canal 49.8 miles 
The "Canal Zone"+-+-¥ 



The Republic of Panama. 

In ISlsrSalboa crossed this strip of land. In 1881 the French started to build a canal, and 
failed after eight years. In May 1904 the Uuited States began to build the canal, and complet- 
ed it in 1913. 

By Permission. From Muzzey's American History. Published by Ginn & Co. 

traffic until 1915. The Panama Canal will save many miles 
of ocean travel. The distance by water from New York City 
to San Francisco is now 13,000 miles. The distance by way 
of Panama is 5,200 miles. Thus 7,800 miles will be saved. 
If the battleship Oregon was to sail from San Francisco for 
Cuba by way of the canal, she would make a voyage of five 
thousand miles, while in 1898 she had to sail nearly 11,000 
miles. Therefore the canal will aid the United States in de- 
fending her coasts, as well as benefit commerce, because the 
American warships will be able to sail from one coast to the 
other in a short time. 



THE UNITED STATES h7 

The United States helped the people of Cuba to establish 

The Cuoan ^ republic. All Americans are interested in Cuba because it 

has a constitution and government like our own. In 1902 the 

first President of Cuba took the oath of office. It is a very 

fertile island, and is the largest of the West Indies. 



Republic 



The island of Porto Rico lies east of Cuba. It is about 

three times the area of Rhode Island, and has a fertile soil. 

r, . n- The principal products are sugar, coffee and tobacco. Oranges, 

Porto Rico ,. ^^. ^ . \ , , . 

bananas, corn, rice and pineapples are the other important 

products. The island is governed by a Governor, a Council 
of eleven men, appointed by the President of the United States, 
and a Legislature. The people elect the Representatives to the 
House of Delegates, which is the Lower House of the Legis- 
lature. The Council acts as the Upper House. 

The Philippine Islands are among the large islands of the 
world, and are valua))le for their agriculture. The chief prod- 

The Philippine ucts are hemp, rice, tobacco, sugar, coffee, cocoanuts, and cocoa. 

Islands The President appoints a Governor of the islands, and a Coun- 

cil of eleven members, of whom five are natives. Since 1907 
the islanders have elected a Philippine National Assembly, 
which helps the Council in making laws. The United States 
will probably give the Filipinos self-government and independ- 
ence when they are fit for it. Under Spanish rule very few 
could read and write, but the United States has sent hun- 
dreds of teachers to the islands, and schools are open to all. 
The Filipino boys and girls play American games. The game 
of base ball has become very popular. In 1905 a census of 
the islands showed the population to be 7,635,426. The total 
area of the islands is about 120,000 square miles. 

In November, 1908, William H. Taft of Ohio was elected 
the Twenty-seventh President of the United States, by the Re- 
publican party. During his administration, in 1910, the Postal 
Savings Bank was established. By the law which created these 
1 he Aamnis- banks the Post Offices receive deposits , and pay interest upon 
1909 /"? ^^^ savings accounts. On January 1, 1913, the United States 

established a Parcels Post, whereby packages are carried at 
reasonable rates, according to the distance which they must be 
carried. In 1909 a tariff' bill was passed by Congress. This 
was called the Payne-Aldrich law, and continued the duties 
which are levied upon imported goods, for the purpose of pro- 
tecting American producers. The Republican party has always 
favored high duties. The Republicans argued that high duties 
were a benefit to the manufacturer and to the laborer, because 



h8 



THE UNITED STATES 



The election 
of 1912 



Industries 
cause the 
building of 
tow)is 



Grouih of 
large corpor 
at ions 



if enabled the iiiiinufaetuier to sell his goods and to pay high 
wages. The Democrats favored free trade, or a low rate of 
duties. They said that the tariff for protection made the prices 
of food and clothing too high. 

In the presidential campaign of 11)12 there were three lead- 
ing cantlidates. i\lr. Taft was the candidate of the Repnl)- 
licans; ]\Ir. Woodrow AVilson, of New Jersey, was the candidate 
of the Democrats; ^Ir. Roosevelt left the Republican party and 
organized tiie Progressive pai-ty. whose emblem was the "Bull 
Moose." ]\lr. Wilson, who is a well-trained and a well-educated 
nu'.n, was elected in Novendier, lf)12. and took the oath of office 
on -March -1, 1913. 

TWENTIETH CENTTIRY BUSINESS ENTERPRISES. 

The people of Gary are interested in the manufacture of 
steel, because it was due to the location of the steel- mills in 
(lary that a town was built. The people of Whiting, Indiana, 
are interested in the manufacture of oil products, because the 
Standard Oil Company has built large oil refineries in that 
city, and caused it to grow. At South Bend. Indiana, most 
of the laboring men work in the large plow and wagon fac- 
tories. JMany towns in all parts of the country have been thus 
caused to grow because of some industry. 

When factories were first built in this country during the 
War of 1812 and after, each factory was owaied by a separate 
owner. The tendency since about 1880 has been to unite many 
factories under the management of one owner. It was found 
that goods could be manufactured with less expense, where one 
company or corporation controlled many factories. One reason 




Blast Furnaces of the Gary Steel Mills 



THE UNITED STATES 



49 



was that raw materials, as coal and iron ore, could be bought 
in large ([uantities and a lower price could be secured, than 
if each factory l)ought them in small (luantities. 

In 1900 the United States Steel Company was founded. 
JJyrifpd '^fnfp- "^^^^^ company bought the leading steel and iron mills in the 
Steel Companu country. It also bought iron mines, coal mines, lime quarries. 




Ojyposition to 
the Trusts 



Coke Ovens of the Gary Steel Mills 

railroads and steamboat lines. It is easy to see why tliis great 
company has the ability to make steel products more cheaply 
than the owner of one steel mill. The United States Steel 
Company is only one of many large business enterprises, which 
are called "trusts" in the newspapers. The Standard Oil 
Company, the International Harvestei- Company, the American 
Tobacco Company, and others, could be named, which are 
giants in their respective industries. 

^lany people of the United States are opposed to such great 
organizations. This is because they sometimes raise the prices 
upon their products after they have driven smaller dealei-s out 
of business. Congress has passed laws in an attempt to regulate 
the trusts. In the administrations of Roosevelt and Taft many 
of these trusts were prosecuted in the courts for violating the 
laws. The large corporations- have come to stay, their good 
features should he protected, and their bad features should be 
eliminated. 

The skilled laborers of the United States liave followed the 
example of the workers in England and France, and founded 
The oraamza- "^^^"i^^tions knoM'n as "trade unions." There are about two 
tio7i of labor million men in the trade unions. This number is no more than 
one-twelfth of the total number of hired workers in this coun- 
try. Tlieir main purpose is to improve the condition of the 



50 



A BRIEF HISTORY OF 



Both Capital 
and Labor 
tend to com- 
bination 



Every worker 
has a chance 



workmen, by asking for better places in which to work, higher 
wages, and laws favorable to labor. Sometimes they provide for 
insurance against accident, sickness or death. There are some 
things about trade unions that sometimes call forth criticism. 
But it is natural for men having the same trade to join in an 
effort to secure their rights and to improve their condition. 
One laborer has very little influence with a great corporation, 
l)ut many laborers can secure recognition by working together. 

The large corporation and the trade union are examples 
of two modern tendencies: First, the tendency for capital to 
combine ; and second, the tendency for labor to combine. There 
are other movements, such as Socialism, which aim to help the 
unskilled laboring man as well as the skilled laborer, which 
cannot be described in this short history. This much can be 
said without hesitation, that in no other country does the labor- 
ing man have as good a chance to live and advance, as he does 
in the United States. No able-bodied and willing worker need 
fear hunger in this country. While in many countries of 
Europe the great working populations are in constant dread 
of hunger. 

THE UNITED STATES TODAY. 

The United States is today one of the leading nations of 

The United ^^^^ world. The United States is a great manufacturing and 

States is great commercial country, and in Europe it is said that Americans 

in every way think only of the ' ' dollar. ' ' This is not true. This country 

spends more money per capita for education than any other 

country in the world. There are over five hundred thousand 

teachers instructing eighteen million children in this country, 

while $500,000,000.00 is spent each year for this purpose. There 

are many colleges and universities for higher education. This 

country has produced some of the leading scientists, authors 

and artists of the world, • during the past century. We can 

only mention these facts, but our whole history disproves the 

statement that Americans think only of money. 

CONCLUSION. 

In a short history of this kind everything of interest could 
not be discussed. You are now familiar with some of the im- 
portant events of American history. You have been made ac- 
quainted with such men as George Washington and Abraham 

A short Lincoln, and many others who have helped to build the nation. 

Summary ^^^ haye seen how the Thirteen English Colonies along the 

Atlantic coast of North America developed into a powerful 
country. You have seen the United States successfully fight in 




o 

P 

m 
w 
o 



CO 

h^ 
O 

o 

o 

CO 

o 

I— I 

w 
13 

< 



THE UNITED STATES 51 

foreign and civil wars. You have watched the stars in the flag 
increase from thirteen to forty-eight, and how the American 
flag now floats in many parts of the world. You have read 
the story which proves that self-government is not a failure, 
although not without mistakes. 

THE NEXT STEP. 

You will next take up the study of the Government of the 
United States. The succeeding pages will describe how this 
great country is governed "by the people and for the people." 



J-rl-1 



Th^ Gj.g-Vci2*2a3:j:lsJ:l-^ 



oi -ihB 



Vm5:iBa iiiiiis^ 



i 



THE UNITED STATES 53 



mmsi mimi^ 



^ 



A SPIORT OUTLINE. 

I. LOCAL GOVERNMENT: 

A. The government of cities. 

B. , The township. 

C. The county. 

D. The State: Government of Lidiana. 
II. THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT: 

A. The Executive Department: President and 
Cabinet. 

B. The Legislative Department : Congress. 

C. The Judicial Department: The Courts. 

D. Naturalization. 

I. LOCAL GOVERNMENT 

THE GOVERNMENT OF CITIES. 

We will begin our study of government in the United States 
The Three '^^'ith the government that does the most for us. In the city 

Departments of Gary, it is the municipal or city government. The gov- 
ernments of all cities in the state of Indiana are divided into 
three departments: The executive, the legislative and the 
judicial. 

The mayor is the chief executive of the city. He enforces 

The Executive ^'^^ ^^^^^ °^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^"^ *^® ^*^*^- -^® recommends the kind 
Department ^^ ^^^^'^ ^^ thinks the city council should pass. He appoints 
the heads of departments and watches over the subordinate 
officers. The mayor is elected for four years. Other officers 
who aid the mayor are as follows: The city clerk, who keeps 
a record of the business done by the council; the city treas- 
urer receives the money of the city, and pays it out upon the 
order of the council. 

The city council is the law-making department of the city 

The Legislative government. Its laws are called ordinances. The members 

Department are called ''councilmen." One councilman is elected from each 

ward, and three councilmen are elected by all of the voters of 

Lindley, the city. Each councilman holds office for four years. The 

pj^^'^l"""^^^"^" city council has the power to make appropriations, fix salaries, 

pass measures for the protection of the city, regulate traffic, 

the speed of vehicles, and the location of factories and stores: 



5U 



THE GOVERNMENT OF 



The Judicial 
Department 



The Police 



The Fire 
Department 



The Public 
Schools 



The Public 
Library 



protect individuals in the city, and license, tax, regulate and 
restrain all business in the city. 

The city judge presides over the court which forms the 
judicial department of the city. He is elected by the people 
and holds the office four years. When a person is brought into 
the city court for breaking a city ordinance or a state law, 
the judge has the power to have him put in jail or fined. He 
can assess fines up to $500 and terms of imprisonment up to 
six months. 

The police force, the firemen, the board of health, the men 
who collect the garbage and sweep the streets, are all employed 
by the city, and are a part of its government. The schools, 
the public library, and the parks are supported by the city. 

The police force is a very necessary part of the city gov- 
ernment. The policemen bring law-breakers before the city 
judge. They see that automobiles are not driven too rapidly 
along the streets, and in many ways they protect the people 
from harm and danger. At the head of the police depart- 
ment is an officer called the Chief of Police. He is appointed 
by the Board of Public Safety. The police officers are em- 
ployed by the Chief of Police. 

The Board of Public Safety consists of three men Avho are 
appointed by the mayor. This board also appoints the chief 
of the fire department. The firemen are employed by the chief. 
In many parts of the city there are stations of the fire de- 
partment, in which apparatus is kept for putting out fires. 
When an alarm is sent to a station, the firemen jump upon 
the fire automobile and rush to the fire. They are followed 
by the hose and ladder wagons, drawn by galloping horses. 

The city council elects three men who have control of 
the schools. These men compose the Board of Education. They 
hold their offices for three years, one is elected each year. 
The Board of Education appoints a superintendent, who has 
the supervision of the schools. The superintendent hires the 
principals, teachers, and all other employes connected with 
the schools. The Board of Education also determines the rate 
of taxation to raise the funds for constructing the buildings, 
and for operating the schools and playgrounds. 

The public library is open for the use of all. It is in charge 
of a librarian, who is appointed by a library board of seven 
members. There is a branch of the library in the Emerson 
School, and there will be one in each of the other schools. 



THE UNITED STATES 



55 



The City 



In cities the problem of health is one of importance. For 
The Parks the health and recreation of the people parks are maintained 

(md Health of hy the city. The Board of Health is composed of three physi- 
cians appointed by the mayor. They have charge of all mat- 
ters relating to health. When there is a contagious disease 
in a family, they quarantine the home; that is, no one is al- 
lowed to enter or leave the house when there is such a disease. 
The Board of Health has the power to close the schools, 
churches, theaters, and all other places where disease could be 
spread. It is usually all right to go to these public buildings 
when they are open, because they would be closed if they were 
not healthful. 







GAFiY Public Library 

The collecting of garbage, the sweeping of the streets, the 
Pvblic Works ^^S^^^^^^S ^^ ^he streets, the control of the water supply, are 
under the control of a Board of Public Works. In Gary all 
garbage is collected in wagons, and then burned. This is the 
best way to dispose of it. Lids should be kept upon the gar- 
bage cans, so that the flies cannot go to them and then spread 
disease. 

The candidates for the offices in the city government are 
selected at primary elections, or by the delegates of the polit- 
ical parties who meet in conventions. (See Primary Elections 
Nominations ^^iider State Government.) In small towns the party meeting 
and is called a caucus. The names of the candidates are placed 

Elections upon the ballot and are voted upon at the regular elections 

in November. Any man twenty-one years of age, who has the 
right to vote for state and national candidates, also has the 
right to vote for the city candidates. 



The state legislatures of each state make laws which de- 



56 



THE GOVERNMENT OF 



Municipal 
Government in 
other States 



Commission 
Form of City 
Government 



Divisions of 
the State 
and County 



Purpose of 

Township 

Government 



The Trustee 



Advisory 
Board 



tennine the kind of government the cities shall have. In most 
states the city governments are very similar to the government 
of Indiana cities. AVhen a city is small it needs a very sim- 
ple government, but as they grow larger there is more work 
for the city government, more departments are formed and 
more men are employed. Indiana has five classes of cities. 
In the first class are cities of 100,000 population or more; 
in the second. 45,000 to 100.000 population; in the third. 20.00(i 
to 45.000 population; in the fourth, 10.000 to 20.000 popula- 
tion; and in the fifth class, less than 10.000 poi)ulation. 

Within the last few years a new kind of city government 
has grown up. It is called the commission form of government 
for cities. A commission of a few officers, usually five, take 
tlip }>lace of the mayor and council. Thus all the powers of 
the nmyor and the council are in the hands of a few men. who 
are elected by the people. This plan has worked well, and 
many states allow their cities to ciioose this form of govern- 
ment. 

THE TOWNSHIP. 

The state of Indiana is divided into ninety-two counties. 
Each county is divided into townships. This county is Lake 
County. There are eleven townships in it. Gary is located 
in Calumet township. The township is therefore the smallest 
unit of government in the state. 

The township gives to the people who live in the country 
and small towns or villages, a government for attending to the 
public business and to furnish protection. As in the cities, the 
people elect their own officers. The population in the rural 
districts is much less dense than in the cities, and the town- 
ship government is very simple. 

The principal ofifieer of the township is the trustee. He 
is elected for four years. In each village and throughout the 
country, school buildings are built. The trustee has charge 
of the schools. He hires the teachers, buys the fuel and other 
supplies for these schools. It is also his duty to take care of 
the poor within the township. The trustee has general super- 
vision of the roads and bridges. For each day that he is em- 
ployed, he receives two dollars. 

Each township has an advisory board of three members. 
The trustee makes a list each year, which states the amount 
of money that he will need to carry on his work. This list 
is given to the board. It must approve of the list made by 



THE UNITED STATES 



57 



the trustee, and has the power to fix the tax rate to raise the 
required amount of money, and to borrow money if necessary. 

In order to tax the property within the township, it is 

The Township necessary to have a list of the property owners and the amount 

Assessor of property each owns. The assessor makes out this list, and 

sends it to the county auditor. Each property owner pays 

taxes according to the amount of property he or she owns. 

The assessor is elected for four years. 



Road Super 
visors 



Justice of 
the Peace 



Constable 



For the building and taking care of the roads the town- 
ship is divided into districts, over which there is a road super- 
visor. The supervisors may call upon the able-bodied men 
within their districts to assist in making and improving the 
roads, bridges and like public property. The supervisor is 
elected for two years, and receives $1.50 for each day that he 
works. 

The justice-of-the-peace is the judge of the township. 
Where the population is large there is more than one justice. 
He assists in keeping order, and may try cases of minor im- 
portance. The constable brings the offenders or disorderly 
persons before the justice, and executes the orders of the jus- 
tice. He usually wears a large silver star, as do police officers. 
Both the constable and the justice of the peace are elected for 
four vears. 



In some states, as in the six New England states, the 
The Smallest township is called a ' ' town. ' ' There are more officers in the 
Umijn Other town government. But in all the states the purpose of the 
township government is the same. It attends to many of the 
duties of local government, and in most states it is the smallest 
unit of local government. 



States 



The County 
and the 

County-Seat 



Development 
of County 
Government 



THE COUNTY 

Indiana has ninety-two counties. The large state of Texas 
has 248 counties, while Delaware has but three counties. Each 
county has its capital, or "county seat." The county seat is a 
town in which the court house, the county jail, and similar 
buildings have been built. Crown Point is the county seat of 
Lake County. 

The county government was first used in Virginia colony. 
The people of Virginia lived upon large plantations, and their 
homes were far apart, so that it was necessary to have a dis- 
trict larger than a township as the unit of government. There- 
fore the colony was divided into counties, and the princi- 
pal local officers were county officers. But in ^Massachusetts 



o8 



THE GOVERNMENT OF 

MAP OF LAKE COUNTY 




The whole northern part of Lake County is occupied by the four cities of Ham- 
mond, Whiting, East Chicago, and Gary, and the town of Miller. The heavy black 
lines show corporation limits of these cities and the one town. This means that 
when you enter a train to go to Chicago, that you ai'e in a city all the way. The 
next fifty years will probably see the growth of an immense city at the southern 
end of Lake Michigan, which will include the cities in Lake County. Chicago, and 
other small cities near Chicago. One writer says there will be a city of twenty- 
Sve millions within fifty years. You will note that there are two small rivers flow- 
ing across the northern part of the county, one is the Grand Calumet, and the 
other the Little Calumet, from these rivers the region is called the "Calumet reg- 
ion ' 

*Note to Instructor This map was prepared especially for this book 
all points mentioned in the text should should be located upon the map. 
The county should then be located upon a wall map of Indiana. 



THE UNITED STATES 



t>9 



and the other New England colonies conditions were different. 
The people lived in towns or upon small farms. There were 
enough people in a small district for a unit of local govern- 
ment, and therefore the town or township government was 
the most important. In Indiana we have both the township 
and the county. It is called the "mixed system." As you 
have seen there are only a few township officers. There are 
many county officers, and the county government is more im- 
portant. 

There are three commissioners, who are elected for three 
The County years, and have large powers. They must meet every month 
Commissioners ^f ^.j-^g y^^^. rpj^^^, ^^^^^ control over the property of the county 
They have roads and bridges built; they have homes built for 
orphans and the poor; they fix the rate of taxation for the 
county; they grant licenses to sell liquor, and they inspect 
the reports of county and township officers. 



The County 
Council 



Important 

County 

Officers 



The county council consists of seven members. They are 
elected for four years. It is the duty of this council to make 
appropriations for expending the money raised by taxation in 
the county. The members have a yearly meeting, but they may 
be called to special meetings by the county clerk. They act 
as a check upon the commissioners. 

The treasurer of the, county is elected for two years. The 
township, county and state taxes are paid to him. In cities 
of the first, second and third classes he acts as the city treas- 
urer, when the city is the county seat. The treasurer has 
his office in the court house at Crown Point. All of the fol- 
lowing officers have their offices in the court house, except the 
sheriff. The auditor is elected for four years. He gives war- 
rants upon the treasurer to pay the bills of the county. He 
also keeps the records of the county commissioners, and has 
many duties in handling the money of the county. The clerk 
has a term of four years. He keeps a record of all business 
transacted in the county court. He issues licenses for mar- 
riages, to practice dentistry, medicine, etc. The sheriff takes 
care of the jail and prisoners. He obeys the orders of the 
county judge, and is the leading executive officer of the county. 
He usually has his office in the jail, where he lives with his 
family. He is elected for two years. The coroner is a physi- 
cian who must find out the cause of the death of any person 
who has been killed by violence or accident. He is elected for 
two years. The surveyor serves two years. He surveys lands, 
roads and ditches. The county assessor corrects the books 
of the township assessors, and tells them how to do their work. 



60 



THE GOVERNMENT OF 



The County 
or Circuit 
Court 



Trial by 
Jury 



Officers not 
elected by 
the people 



He is elected for four years. The salaries of the ofificers named 
above are not the same in the various counties. For example, 
the salaries of the county treasurers vary from twelve hundred 
dollars to twenty-five thousand dollars. The same is true in 
the case of the others. When the salary is large a great part 
of it is spent in hiring clerks and otlier assistants. 

The county court hears most of the civil and criminal cases 
that arise in a county. The important cases of the city and 
township courts are appealed to this court. It is usually called 
the circuit court. Judges of the circuit court are elected for 
six years. When the population of a county is large, and there 
are too many cases for a single judge, the state laws provide 
for a superior court judge, a criminal judge, and a probate 
judge, to assist the judge of the Circuit Court. The prose- 
cuting attorney is an officer of the Circuit Court. He is elected 
for two years. It is his duty to prosecute criminals and to 
represent the state in the court. 

Any man accused of a crime has the privilege of being 
tried by a jury of twelve men. This is also true in civil cases. 
This custom arose in England many centuries ago. (It first 
came into notice in the reign of Henry II, 1154 to 1189.) The 
jury which tries the case is called the petit jury or trial jury. 
The grand jury is composed of six men, who examine the evi- 
dence brought agains't anyone charged with a crime, and if 
it looks as though the man accused did the criminal act, they 
indict him, or bring in a true bill. He is then arrested and 
brought into court for a trial. To be accused of a crime is a 
serious matter, and this is the reason why the Grand Jury 
must always pass upon the evidence before a man can be openly 
accused. 

Each county of Indiana has a superintendent of schools, 
who is chosen by the township trustees for four years. He 
supervises all the schools of the county, except those in the 
cities. There is a County Board of Education, which meets 
twice each year to discuss school problems. It is composed 
of the county superintendent, the township trustees, and the 
presidents of the school boards of the towns and cities of the 
county. Each county has a county poor farm, where all per- 
sons who cannot support themselves are kept. The superin- 
tendent of this farm is appointed by the county commission- 
ers. A County Attorney is appointed by the commissioners to 
advise the county officers upon legal questions. 



Not all of the county boards and minor officers have been 



THE UNITED STATES 



61 



Other facts 
about the 
County 
Government 



History of 
Indiana 



named, but enough of them to give an idea of the work that 
is done by the county government. 

The county government does not have three departments, 
as does the city government. The laws which define the duties 
of the county officers are state laws. The county officers are 
largely administrative officers, that is they enforce the laws, 
or administer them. They do the things that are recjuired 
by the state laws. All officers are citizens of the county in 
which they serve. The political parties hold county conven- 
tions in which delegates are sent from each township and city. 
These conventions nominate candidates for the offices. (See 
Primary Elections Under State Government.) The names of 
the candidates are printed upon the county ballot. Any voter 
in the county may vote for these candidates if he has lived 
in the state six months, in the township sixty days, and in the 
precinct or ward thirty days, before the day of election. 

GOVERNMENT OF INDIANA. 

The Indians first lived in Indiana, and it was from the 
Indians that it received its name. The French next came to 
Indiana. Vincennes, one of the first forts built by the French, 
was built in 1727. Later the territory was taken by the English. 
During the Revolutionary War an American officer, George 
Rogers Clark, captured Vincennes and drove the English out 
of Indiana. In 1816 Indiana became a state. It was the nine- 



The Constitu- 
tion 



State Seal 




of Indiana 



teenth state, 
the people. 



In 1851 the present constitution was ratified by 



The description of the state government must be made 
brief, although it is very important. The constitution of a 
state carefully names the branches or departments of the 
government. It enumerates the powers and duties of the offi- 
cers. The Constitution of Indiana also has a Bill of Rights, 
which guarantees certain rights to the people, such as the right 
of trial by jury, the right of a man to worship as he pleases, 
and the like. A constitution has been called the fundamental 
laiv. It is like the foundation of a house, as the upper parts 



62 



THE GOVERNMEXT OF 



How the Co7i- 
stitution 2cas 
made 



The Governor 
of Indiana 



Duties of the 
Goveimor 



Other execu- 
tive officers 



Important 
Boards 



of the house rest upon the foundation, so the government — its 
laws and officers — must be in accord with and rest upon the 
constitution. 

The Constitution of Indiana was made by a constitutional 
convention; after the manner of the Constitution of the United 
States. The constitution was then ratified by a vote of the 
people. In order to change the constitution, an amendment 
must be voted upon by the people, and a majority of those 
voting must favor it. It is important to see the difference 
between constitutional law and a law passed by the legislature. 
(Ask questions if this is not clear to you.) The Constitution 
of Indiana provides for three departments : Executive, legis- 
lative and judicial. 

The governor is the chief executive officer of the state. 
He is elected for four years. He receives a salary of $8,000. 
In case the governor should resign or die during his term of 
office, the lieutenant governor would take the office. The lieu- 
tenant governor is elected for four years, and receives a salary 
of $1,000. He presides over the Senate, and receives eight 
dollars each day that the legislature is in session in addition 
to the above. 

All bills must be sent to the governor, and when he signs 
them they become laws. (See Legislature.) It is his duty to 
have aU laws executed, and he has the power to call out the 
military forces of the state to preserve order and enforce the 
laws. He sends a message to the General Assembly in which 
he recommends new laws or changes in the old laws. He may 
pardon criminals. 

The Secretary of State must publish the laws. The Auditor 
of State keeps the accounts of the state. The Treasurer of 
State keeps the funds of the state. The Attorney General gives 
legal advice to state officers, and defends and prosecutes suits 
in court for the state. These officers are elected for two years. 
The following officers are also elected: The Geologist, four 
years; the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, two 
years; the State Statistician, two years; the Clerk of the Su- 
preme Court, four years; and the Reporter of the Supreme 
Court, four years. (See a sample state ballot.) 

There are a large number of boards, whose members are 
appointed by the governor. There is a State Board of Health, 
a Board of Medical Examiners, a Board of Education, and 
others. Space will not allow the naming of all of these boards, 
or the attempt to define their powers. It is the duty of the 



THE UNITED STATES 



63 



Presiding 
officers 



How laws are 
made 



state government to regulate all matters for the health and 
happiness of the people within the state. 

The General Assembly is the legislative department. It is 
The Legisla- ^'^^^'^^^^y called the Legislature. It has two houses : A Senate, 
tive Depart- and a House of Representatives. There are fifty Senators, 
'ment who are elected for four years. There are one hundred Rep- 

resentatives, who are elected for two years. Both are elected 
from districts within the state. The members are paid six 
dollars each day that the Legislature is in session. The regular 
sessions are held once in two years, upon the odd year. The 
regular session cannot continue more than sixty-one days. The 
governor may call a special session, when he thinks it is neces- 
sary. The regular sessions open in January. (The first Thurs- 
day after the first Monday.) 

The presiding officer of the Senate is the lieutenant gov- 
ernor. He is elected by the people. The presiding officer of 
the House is the Speaker. He is elected by the members of the 
House of Representatives. The Speaker receives eight dollars 
each day that the Legislature is in session. 

Any member of either house of the legislature may intro- 
duce a bill. It is first read for the information of the mem- 
bers by the Reading Clerk. It is then sent to a committee. 
The committee considers the bill, and if it is favored it is re- 
ported back to the house. There were forty-five standing com- 
mittees in the Senate in 1909. When the bill is reported back 
to the House it is read a second time, and speeches are made 
by the members for or against the bill. On another day it is 
read a third time, and then voted upon. If a majority of 
the members vote for the bill it is then sent to the other house. 
If it is passed by both houses, it is then sent to the governor. 
When the governor signs a bill it becomes a law. A law goes 
into effect when it is published in all of the counties of the 
state, except when it is clearly stated that the law shall go 
into effect at once. But if the governor does not approve the 
bill, he may veto it ; that means that he will not sign it, and 
sends it back to the house in which it was first introduced with 
his objections to it. The houses have the power to pass it 
over his veto, but they may change it to suit him. 

We have already described some of the state courts. The 

court of the justice of the peace is the lowest state court. 

The Judicial Then comes the Circuit or County Court. The Circuit Courts 

Department i^ear the greatest number of law suits that arise within the 

state. Some cases may be taken or appealed to the Appellate 



61^ 



THE GOVERNMENT OF 



The Capital: 
Indianapolis 



Educational 
Institutions 



Hospitals, 
Charitable, 
and Penal In- 
stitutions 



Summary oj 
Local Govern- 
ment 



Court. There are six judges in tliis court, each elected for 
five years. Other cases may be appealed to the Supreme Court. 
There are five judges in the Supreme Court. They are elected. 
(See a sample state ballot; it will sliovv how they are elected.) 
Thus the Indiana Court system is as follows: First, the court 
of the Justice of the Peace ; second, the Circuit or County 
Court; third, the Appellate Court; and fourth, the Supreme 
Court. 

Each state has a capital city. The capital is a city in whicli 
the government buildings are located. The governor and other 
state officers live at the capital, and have their offices in the 
state house, or capital building. Two large rooms are used 
by the two houses of the Legislature. They are called the 
Senate Chamber and the Chamber of the House of Representa- 
tives. The capital of Indiana is Indianapolis. It is a beautiful 
city of about 250,000 population. It is located near the center 
of the state in Marion County. The state house is a stately 
building of white stone. 

Indiana supports three fine schools for higher learning. 
Indiana University is located at Bloomington. It has the fol- 
lowing departments : Literary, Scientific, Law and Medicine. 
Purdue University is located at Lafayette. It is one of the 
best technical and agricultural schools in the country. At 
Terre Haute is located the state Normal School. It is a school 
for preparing teachers. All students from Indiana may attend 
these schools without charge. But students attend them from 
many states and foreign countries. There are many other col- 
leges and universities in Indiana, but they are not supported 
by state money. 

Indiana maintains five hospitals for the insane. There are 
five reformatories or prisons. These are institutions where 
criminals and persons guilty of serious offenses are placed. 
Their aim is to reform, as well as to punish. The following 
institutions are also maintained by the State of Indiana: Epi- 
leptic and Tuberculosis Hospitals ; a School for Feeble-minded ; 
a Soldiers' Home and a Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans' Home; 
and a Deaf and Blind School. 

It will be seen after studying the governmemt of the cities, 
the towuiships, the counties and the state, that the government 
with which we have the most to do is the local government. 
The laws which regulate the affairs within the townships, cities 
and counties — are state laws. The National Government has 
nothing to do with local government, in ordinary times. The 



THE UNITED STATES 



65 



Elections and 
Nominations 



Primary 
Elections 



post office is the only institution of the National Government 
that serves the people directly, whether they live in the country 
or city. 

An.y citizen may vote for state officers if he is twenty-one 
years of age, and has lived in Indiana six months, in the town- 
ship sixty days, and in the precinct thirty days. A foreigner 
may vote after he has declared his intention to become a citi- 
zen, and fulfills the above conditions. (See Naturalization Un- 
der National Government.) State officers, as the governor, 
secretary of state, judges, etc., are nominated by state con- 
ventions, which are held by the political parties. Delegates 
to these conventions are elected from each county by the mem- 
bers of the party. 

You will remember what has been said about nominating 
officers in the township, city and county. Where the county 
has a city of 36,000 people or more, primary elections are held 
to name candidates, instead of holding conventions and cau- 
causes. Each party holds an election by secret ballot, just the 
same as a regular election, and selects the candidates for the 
party. Thus the members of the party may vote directly for the 
candidate they wish, instead of having a representative vote for 
them. A party must have cast a vote equal to ten per cent 
of the whole vote at the last election in order to hold a pri- 
mary election. There are two ways whereby a man can get his 
name on the primary ballot. In the first place, he may hand 
his name to the primary commissioners ; or, in the second 
place, twenty-five voters may petition to have his name placed 
upon the ballot. The candidates for the office of State Senator 
or State Representative are nominated in the primary election, 
but conventions are held to nominate the men who want the 
other state offices. 

In order to vote at the regular elections, a voter must 
enroll his name in the precinct where he lives. Then when he 
comes to vote his name will be checked, and after once voting 
he cannot vote again. This prevents fraud in elections. 
Naturalization will be described when we take up the descrip- 
tion of the National Government, because the Congress of the 
United States has passed a law to regulate naturalization. 

Divisions of From Woodrow Wilson's book entitled, "The State," the 

Local Govern- following table has been developed. It was thought that it 

ment in other would prove of interest to give the names of the divisions of 

countries local government of the leading European countries, which 



Registration 
of voters 



66 



THE GOVERNMENT OF 

are somewhat similar to the divisions of local government in 
the United States. 



United 
States 



State 



TABLE 

Congressional 
District 



County 



Township 
and City 



France 


Department 


Arondissement 


Canton 


Commune 


Prussia 


Province 


Government 
District 


Circle or 
County 


Township 


Austria 


Province 




District 
or Circle 


Commune 


Hungary 


Shire 






City and 
Commune 


Sweden 






County 


Commune 


Norway 






District 


Commune 


England 






Shire or 
County 


Parish 
Burrough 



The Congressional District is not a division for local gov- 
Conaressional ^rnment in the United States. The reason why it was put 
Districts i^^o the table is because each state is divided into congressional 

districts. Indiana has thirten of them, and from each a mem- 
ber to the National House of Representatives is elected. This 
will become clear after reading about the National Government. 



"^■^. 










1^ 



'%>^ 



THE CAPITOL, WASHINGTON, D. C. 



By Permission. From Gordy's "A History of the United States." Published by Charles Scrib- 
ners' Sons 

II. THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT 

We will take a brief review of that part of the history of 
the United States, which leads up to the forming of its Na- 



Historical 
Review 



The 
Constitution 



The Capitol: 
Washington 



The Executive 
Department: 
the President 



THE UNITED STATES g^ 

tional Government. In 1775 the Revolutionary War began 
One year later, on July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independ- 
ence was adopted. In 1781 the Thirteen States adopted the 
Articles of Confederation. England recognized the independ- 
ence of the United States by the Treaty of 1783 The gov- 
ernment erected by the articles was very weak. It had only 
one department, and that was the Congress. In 1787 the Con 
stitutional Convention met at Philadelphia and drew up a new 
frame of government, called the Constitution of the United 
States. It was adopted by the states in 1788. Washington 
was elected President, and the National Government, as it is 
today-with its President, Congress, and courts-was put into 
operation in 1789. 

The Constitution is the fundamental law of the United 
States. (See State Constitution.) The constitution provides 
that the government shall be divided into three departments, 
and the powers of these departments are carefully defined 
The three departments of the government are as follows: The 
Executive, the Legislative, and the Judicial. 

As in the case of the county and the state, the United 
States has its capital city. It received its name from George 
Washington, the first President of the United States. The city 
of Washington is one of the most beautiful cities in the world 
The principal building is the Capitol The residence of the 
presidents is called the White House. There are many other 
fine government buildings in the city. Washington is located 
in the District of Columbia, which is in the state of Maryland. 

THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 

The President is the chief executive of the United States. 
He is elected for four years. His power is greater than that 
of a king. It is his duty to have the laws executed. He has 
the right to appoint many important officers: Cabinet mem- 
bers, diplomatic officials and postmasters of cities. These ap- 
pointments must be sent to the Senate, and it must approve 
them before they go into effect. The President makes treaties 
with foreign nations, and receives the ambassadors from foreign 
nations. He is the Commander-in-Chief of the army and navy. 
Each year he sends a message to Congress, or goes before "it 
and delivers an address, in which he asks for such laws as he 
thinks wise. When a bill has been passed it must be sent to 
the President, who has the power to veto it. 

There are ten executive departments. The men at the head 



68 



THE GOVERNMENT OF 



The of these departments form the President's Cabinet. He often- 

President s times calls them together to give him advice upon (juestions 
'^^ of government. Following is a list of the cabinet members: 

1. TJu Secretary of State has charge of foreign affairs. 

It is his duty to issue the laws of the United States. 
In the library of the State Department you may see 
the original copies of the Declaration of Independence 
and the Constitution. 

2. The Secretary of the Treasury cares for the money of 

the government, and through his agents he collects 
the taxes and duties. 
'S. Tiie Secretary of IVav is in charge of the arnij', and the 
West Point ^Military Academy. His department is 
called the War Department. 

4. llie Attorney General is at the head of the Department 

of Justice. He gives legal advice to the President, 
and prosecutes the law suits of the government. 

5. The Postmaster General is at the head of the Post Olifice 

Department. 

6. 71ie Secretary of the Navy has control of the naval 

forces of the United States, and the Annapolis Naval 
Academy. 

7. The Secretary of the Interior has charge of the public 

lands, the Indian tribes, the pension office, etc. 

8. The Secretary of Agriculture directs the Department of 

Agriculture. This department aids the farmers in 
many ways. 

9. The Secretary of Commerce has charge of many matters 

relating to the business men of the country, immigra- 
tion, and such matters. 
10. The Secretary of Labor is the head of the Department 
of Labor. He was added to the list of cabinet members 
in 1913. 

Salaries in '^^^ President receives a salary of $75,000.00, the use of 

the Executive the White House, traveling expenses, etc. The Vice-President 
Department and Cabinet members receive $12,000.00 each year. 

THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT 

Congress is the legislative department of the National Gov- 

Congress ernment. It is composed of two houses, the Senate and the 

House of Representatives. A member of the House is called 

a Congressman, a member of the Senate is called a Senator. 

The constitution provides that there shall be two Senators 



THE UNITED STATES 



69 



Law-making 



Sessions, 
Salaries, etc. 



elected by the people of each state. Their term of office is six 
years. There are now ninety-six Senators. Congressmen are 
elected from the "congressional districts" within the states. 
They are divided among the states according to the population. 
In 1789, one Congressman was elected for 30,000 people. In 
1911, after the census of 1910, there was one Congressman for 
211,887 people. There are now about 450 members of the House 
of Representatives ; in 1789 there were sixty-five members. In- 
diana has thirteen Congressmen, and the state is divided into 
thirteen congressional districts. They are elected for two years. 




HALL OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, WASHINGTON, D. C. 
By Permission. From Gordy's, "A History of the United States," Published by Charles 
Scribners' Sons. 

The Speaker is the presiding officer of the House. He is a 
member of the House, and is elected by its members. The Vice- 
President is the presiding officer of the Senate. As in the state 
legislatures, every bill must be sent to a committee. It cannot 
be discussed or voted upon until the committee has reported 
upon it. Any citizen may go before the committee and tell its 
members what he thinks about the bill. All bills for raising 
money must be introduced in the House. The Senate has the 
right to give its consent to any treaty which the President wants 
to make with a foreign country. If the President vetoes a bill, 
it may be passed over his veto by a two-thirds vote of both 
houses. 

A congress lasts for two years. Each congress has two reg- 
ular sessions. They open upon the first Monday in December. 
The President may call a special session when he thinks neces- 



10 



THE GO VERNMENT OF \ 

sary. Senators and Congressmen receive a salary of $7,500.00. 




Powers of the 
Federal Court 

Reinsch, Civil 
Government, 
page 208 



The Federal 
Courts 



SENATE CHAMBER, WASHINGTON, D. C. 

By Permission. From Gordy's "A History of the United States." Published dy Charles 
Scribners' Sons. 

THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT 

The "Federal Courts," (this is the name used to distinguish 
the Courts of the United States from the state courts,) are of 
great dignity and authority. The entire government is car- 
ried on under the constitution, but the courts have the power 
to decide as to the meaning of any part of the constitution. 
Congress has the power to make laws, but its action must not 
exceed the powers granted in the constitution. If it goes be- 
yond these powers in the opinion of the Supreme Court, the 
court will declare its action unconstitutional. A decision of 
this kind would render the act void, because whatever the 
courts do not approve cannot stand as law. 

The lowest federal court is the DISTRICT COURT. There 
is one in every state, and the large states have two or more. 
Cases can be taken from these courts to the CIRCUIT COURTS 
OF APPEALS. There are nine such courts in the country. 
The officer who has the same duties as the sheriff of the county 
court is called the Marshal. The highest court in the United 
States is the SUPREME COURT. Any case testing a law or an 
official act under the constitution may be taken to the Supreme 
Court. This court has nine judges, or "justices," who are 
lawyers of great ability. The federal courts hear cases which 
arise under the Constitution or under laws passed by Con- 



IHE UNITED STAIES 



71 




SUI'KEME COURT ROOM, CAPITOL, WASHINGTON, D. C. 
By Permission, From Gordy's "A History of the United States-" Publistied by Charles 
tscribners' Sons. 

gress. The ordinary criminal cases are tried in the courts oi" 
the state. 

The justices and judges in all federal courts are appointed 
by the President, with the consent of the Senate. They hold 
office for life, unless they should be guilty of some crime or 
'inent of Judges ^^^^j.oper conduct. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court 
and their Sat- ^. ^ , „ H-,r/^nr^ m, a ■ ^ t 4^- 

receives a salary of $15,000. The Associate Justices receive 

$14,500. The judges of the Circuit Courts of Appeals receive 
$7,000, and the judges of the District Courts receive $6,000. 



The appoint- 



aries 



Election of a 
President 



PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS 

The presidential elections are held every four years. The 
political parties hold national conventions and name the candi- 
dates for President and Vice-President. A party platform is 
adopted. The platform states the principles of the party, and 
tells how it will handle such public questions as the Tariff, 
Regulation of the Trusts, Money Reform, and the like. This 
enables the voter to compare the platforms of the parties, and 
vote for the policies that he considers the best for the country. 
The voters do not vote directly for the President; that is, the 
names of the presidential candidates do not appear upon the bal- 
lots. The voters vote for electors, who in turn vote for the Presi- 
dent. Look at a sample national ballot and you will see the names 
of the presidential electors. These electors are elected in Novem- 



72 TEE GO \ 'ERNMEXT OF 

ha. They meet in the sUlZk capitals and vote for the presi- 
dffiitiil candidate of their partv in January. In Febroary the 
votes are eomited before both houses of Congress. Eaeh r:a:r 
has as many eleetors as it has Senators and Bepresentatives. 
Tndiana nofw has fifteen votes in the "electorial eoDege." 

Any man or ~ ii-n — 1: Ls allowed to Tote for monbers 

__ , of the s*a:e Hoti^ : J irrves may vote for the deet- 

Who may vote „„tt. i_. — ■,. 

for Electors ""^ ^" V^ " ^■■' '^ '^ " "' ""^^ ^- - 

vote in In nana, but the; _. ..r l_ _i:_. ii^irS- Any nii;: 

in Indiana not a citizen may vote in any election if he has 
deelared his intention to become a eitizc -nty-one y-irs 

of age. Tiiere are nine states which a_. - „ :o vote npin 

taking out his ''first papers." that is, when he declares his in- 
tention to become a citizen, and TnfHana is one of them. There 
is a growing feeling that only citizens should be allowed to 
vote. 

XATUBALIZATIOX. 

In the first place, a foreigner mnst reside in the United 
The First Pa- States five years before he can become a citizen. He should 
P^^ as soon as x>08sible after entering the eonntry appear before a 

proper court, and upon oath declare his bona fide intention 
to become a citizen, and renounce his allegiance to any foreign 
power. In this county there are two eonits in which this can 
be done: the Circuit Court at Crown Point, or the United 
States District Court which holds aeaaions at Hammond- This 
declaration is then rec-orded and the derk of the court lamishes 
the applicant with a c-ertified c-opy which is sometimes caUed 
the first papers. 

In the second place, after he has eonqtleted his five years' 
77i€ Petition residence he should file in his own handwriting a petition for 
for Citizenship citizenship. In this he states that he is not opposed to organ- 
ized government, he is not a polygamist. he intends to become a 
citizen, and renounces his allegianc-e to his former country. 
This petition must be verified by the affidavits of two citizens 
certifying to the residenc-e. and good moral character of the 
applicant. Before he can file this petition he must have also 
resided at least a year in Indiana. If he landed after June 
29, 1906. he must present a c-ertificate from the Department 
of Commerce showing the date of arrival, and the declaration 
of intention (or first papers) must be filed with the petition. 

'7T. r- ^-c The third and final step is taken ninetv davs from the fil- 

Lm Lertiji- . , , . . , ,. . , 

cate of Satur- ^? ^^ "^^ petition, the applicant is required to appear in open 

alization c-ourt and renew his adherance to the declarations made in 



THE UNITED STATES 



73 



Summary 
of the steps 



The Law Gov- 
erning Nat- 
uralization 



Work of gov- 
erning the 
country is di- 
vided 



the petition. He must be able to speak the English language, and 
answer questions relating to the history and government of the 
United States. When the judge is satisfied, a certificate of 
naturalization is granted, and he becomes a citizen. His wife 
and any of his children under twenty-one years become citizens 
at the same time. 

(1). The declaration of intention or first papers must be 
secured at least two years before the final certificate is issued. 
The "final papers" must be secured within seven years after 
the first papers were issued, or the process has to begin over 
again, and a new declaration of intention made. 

(2). The petition for final papers must be made after five 
j^ears' residence in the United States. 

(3). Ninety days later he appears in court and receives, 
the final certificate, providing he can speak the English lan- 
guage, and that he can pass the examination in the rudiments 
of government. 

The law which governs naturalization was passed by Con- 
gress, June 29, 1906, and became a law October 1, 1906. There 
are several other points that have to be fulfilled, as follows: 

(1). No certificate of naturalization may be issued within 
thirty days preceeding a general election. 

(2). The petitioner for final papers must speak the Eng- 
lish language, and must sign the papers in his own handwrit- 
ing. 

(3). Aliens may make their declaration at the age of 
eighteen. 

(4). All fees are assessed by the National Government. 
There is a charge of One Dollar for the declaration, and Two 
dollars for the petition and certificate, with a deposit for wit- 
nesses, which is returned if it is not used. 

SUMMARY OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED 

STATES. 

The National Government is frequently called the "Federal 
Government." It does one-half of the work of governing the 
United States. The National Government has control of Foreign 
Affairs, Coinage of Money, Commerce between the States, and 
all other matters which are of interest to the people in all the 
States. The State Governments have control of all matters 
which are of interest to the people of a single State. This 
enables the people of the United States to enjoy the advantages 
of a strong National Government, and the freedom of local 
self-government. 



7U THE GOVERNMENT OF 



m^"^ 


^"^E'lJIX 



Significant Extracts from the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence.* 

When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one 
people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with 
another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate 
and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God en- 
title them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that 
they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. 

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created 
equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with unalienable Rights, 
that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. That 
to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriv- 
ing their just powers from the consent of the governed,— That when- 
ever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is 
the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new 
Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing 
its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect 
their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Gov- 
ernments long established should not be changed for light and tran- 
sient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn, that mankind 
are more disposed to suffer, while evil are sufferable, than to right 
themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. 
But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably 
the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despot- 
ism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Governmet, and 
to provide new Guards for their future security. Such has been the 
patient sufferance of the Colonies; and such is now the necessity which 
contsrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The 
history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated 
injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment 
of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be 
submitted to a candid world. 



THE UNITED STATES 75 



He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign 
to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent 
to their Acts of pretended Legislation: 



We, therefore, the Representatives of the United States of America, 
in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of 
the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by 
Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and 
declare. That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be, Free 
and Independent States; that they are Absolved from Allegiance to 
the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and 
the State of Great Britan, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that 
as free and independent States, they have full Power to levy War, 
conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all 
other Acts and Things which independent States may of right do. 
And, for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the 
protection of divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other, 
our Lives, our Fortunes, and our sacred Honor. 

*This is a good quotation for the student to memorize. 



76 J HE GOVERNMENT OF 



Significant Extracts from the Constitution of the 

United States. 

Article I. Section 8. The Congress shall have Power 

[§ h] To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to 
pay the Debts and provide for common Defence and general Welfare 
of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uni- 
form throughout the United States; 

[§ 2,] To borrow Money on credit of the United States; 

[§ 3.] To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the 
several States, with the Indian Tribes; 

[§ 4.] To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform 
Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States; 

[§ 5.] To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign 
Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures; 

[§ 6.] To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securi- 
ties and current Coin of the United States; 

[§ 7.] To establish Post Offices and post Roads; 

[§ 8.] To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by se- 
curing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right 
to their respective Writings and Discoveries; 

[§ 9.] To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court; 

[§ 10.] To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on 
the high Seas, and Offences against the Law of Nations; 

[§ 11.] To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and 
make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water; 

[§ 12.] To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Mon- 
ey to that Use shall be for a longer term than two Years; 

[§ 13.] To provide and maintain a Navy; 

[§ 14.] To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the 
land and naval Forces; 

[§ 15.] To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the 
Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions; 

[§ 16.] To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining, the 
Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in 
the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, 
the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the 
Militia according to the Discipline prescribed by Congress; 

[§ 17.] To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, 
over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession 
of particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat 



THE UNITED STATES 77 



of the Government of the United States, and to exercise Hke Authority 
over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the 
State in which the same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, 
Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings;- And 

[i^ 18.] To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for 
carrying into Execution the forgoing Powers, and all other Powers 
vested by this Constitution in the Goverment of the United States, or 
in any Department or Officer thereof. 

Article. 1. Section 9. [?? 2.] The Privilege of the Writ of 
Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of Re- 
bellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it. 

[i^ 3.] No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed. 

[?^ 4.] No Capitation, or other direct. Tax shall be laid, unless in 
Proportion to the Census or Enumeration herein before directed to be 
taken. 

[J^ 5.1 No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any 
State. 

[§ 6. ] No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce 
or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another: nor shall 
Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to pay duties in an- 
other. 

Article IL Section 10. [§1.] No State shall enter into any Treaty, 
Alliance, or Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin 
Money; emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin 
a tender in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainer, ex post facto 
Law, or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title 
of Nobility. 

[§ 2.] No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay 
any Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be ab- 
solutely necessary for executing its inspection Laws; and the net Pro- 
duce of all Duties and Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or Ex- 
ports, shall be the Use of the Treasury of the United States; and all 
such Laws shall be subject to the Revision and Control of the Con- 
gress. 

[^ 3.] No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any 
Duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, en- 
ter into any Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a for- 
eign Power, or engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such im- 
minent Danger as will not admit of delay. 

* * * :!< ;|t * •.!« * :;^ 

Article III. Section 2. [^^ 1.] The judicial power shall extend 
to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the 
Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made 



TS THE GOVERNMENT OF 






under their Authority; — to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public 
Ministers, and Consuls:— to all Cases of admiralty and maritime Juris- 
diction; to Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party;— 
to Controversies between two or more States; — between a State and 
'Citizens of another State;— between Citizens of different States, — be- 
"tween Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of dif- 
'i^erent States, and between a State, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign 
States, Citizens or Subjects. 

^", Article III. Section 3. [§ 1.] Treason against the United 

'Mates, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering 

to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be 

convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the 

a^e overt Act, or on Confession in open Court. 

Article VI. [?? 2,] This Constitution, and the Laws of the 

United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all 

Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the 

United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges 

'^in^^-iiery State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution 

Bf'Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding. 
-riB ni ^ ,^ ,_ 

Amendments. —Article IX. The enumeration in the Constitution, 
■ Vl^'t'eHain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others re- 
■^'i^lried by the people. 

"^" Amendments.— Article X. The powers not delegated to the 
•^^fih^d' States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, 
"*^i-?rfe^^rved to the States respectively, or to the people. 

^ ^ ^ ^ :■; ;i; ;!< 

-d£ sAiM^DMENTS.- Article XIII. Section 1. Neither slavery nor in- 
-i^0lu?itary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the 
party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United 
iiStggtfg, .OX any place subject to their jurisdiction. 
-rioO 9("fj1 ^i ^ * * * * * * * 

,r,.. A^MENDMENTS.— Article XIV. Section L All persons born or 
naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction there- 
of, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they 
reside. No State shall make or enforce any law, which shall abridge 
the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall 
any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due 
process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal 
^^l^pte^'^ji^yiiipf the laws. 



THE UNITED STATES 79 



Amendments. —Article XV. Section 1. The right of citizens of 
the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United 
States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of 
servitude. 



NATURALIZATION BLANKS 

Declaration of Intention 

(Invalid for all purposes seven years after the date hereof.) 

,ss: 

I, , aged years, occupation , do 

declare on oath (affirm) that my personal description is: Color , 

complexion , height , weight , color of hair 

, color of eyes , other visible distinctive marks 

; I was born in on the day of , 

anno Domini ....I now reside at ; I emigrated to the 

United States of America from ,on the vessel; my last for- 
eign residence was , It is my bona fide intention to renounce 

forever all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince, potentate, state, 
or sovereignty, and particularly to , of which I am now a cit- 
izen (subject) ; I arrived at the (port) of , in the State (Territory 

or District) of , on or about the day of , 

anno Domini ; I am not an anarchist; I am not apolygamist 

nor a believer in the practice of polygamy; audit is my intention in 
good faith to become a citizen of the United States of America and to 
permanently reside therein. So help me God. 

(Original signature of declarant) 

Subscribed and sworn to (affirmed) before me this day of 

, anno Domini 

(L.S.) , 

^'Official character of attestor. ) 



80 THE G0VERNMEN1 OF 

Petition for Naturalization. '^ 

Court of 

In the matter of the petition of to be admitted 

as a citizen of the United States of Americ a 
To the Court: 

The petition of respectfully shows: 

First. My full name is 

Second. My place of residence is number street, city 

of , State (Territory or District) of 

Third. My occupation is 

Fourth. I was born on the day of at 

Fifth. I emigrated to the United States from. , on or about 

the day of , anno Domini ,and arrived at the port 

of ,in the United States, on the vessel 

Sixth. I declared my intention to become a citizen of the United 

States on the day of _.„ ,at ,in the 

court of 

Seventh. lam married. My wife's name is 

She was born in and now resides at I have 

children, and the name, date, and place of birth and place of 

residence of each of said children is as follows: : 



Eigth. I am not a disbeliever in or opposed to organized government 
or a member of or affiliated with any organization or body of persons 
teaching disbelief in organized government. I am not a polygamist nor 
a believer in the practice of polygamy. I am attached to the principles 
of the Constitution of the United States, and it is my intention to be- 
come a citizen of the United States and to renounce absolutely and for- 
ever all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince, potentate, state, 

or sovereignty, and particularly to , of which at this time I am 

a citizen (or subject) , and it is my intention to reside permanently in 
the United States. 

Ninth. I am able to speak the English language. 

Tenth. I have resided continuously in the United States of America 
for a term of five years at least immediately preceding the date of this 

petition, to wit, since , anno Domini , and in the State 



B^i 



THE UNITED STATES 



81 



Petition for Naturalization 



(Continued from page 80) 



(Territory or District) of , for one year at least next preceding 

the date of this petition, to wit, since ,day of , anno 

Domini , 

Eleventh. I have not heretofore made petition for citizenship to 

any court. (I made petition for citizenship to the court of 

at , and the said petition was denied by the said court 

for the following reasons and causes, to wit, , and the 

cause of such denial has since been cured or removed). 

Attached hereto and made a part of this petition are my declaration 
of intention to become a citizen of the United States and the certifi- 
cate from the Department of Labor required by law. Wherefore 
your petitioner prays that he may be admitted a citizen of the United 
States of America. 



Dated. 



(Signature of petitioner) 



ss 



, being duly sworn , deposes and says that he is 

the petitioner in the above-entitled proceeding; that he has read the fore- 
going petition and knows the contents thereof; that the same is true of 
his own knowledge, except as to matters therein stated to be alleged up- 
on information and belief, and that as to other matters he believes it to 
be true. 

Subscribed and sworn to before me this day of , 

anno Domini 

(L.S.) , 



Clerk of the Court. 



82 THE GOVERNMENT OF 



Affidavit of Witnesses/' 



Court of. 



In the matter of the petition of to be admitted a 

citizen of the United States of America. 



, ss: 

, occupation , residing at , and. 

occupation , residing at , each being 

severally, duly, and respectively sworn, deposes and' says that he is a 
citizen of the United States of America; that he has personally known 

, the petitioner above mentioned, to be a resident of the 

United States for a period of at least five years continuously immediate- 
ly preceding the date of filling his petition, and of the State (Territory 
or District) in which the above-entitled application is made for a period 

of years immediately preceding the date of fihng his petition; 

and that he has personal knowlege that the said petitioner is a person 
of good moral character, attached to the principles of the Constitution 
of the United States, and that he is in every way qualified, in his opin- 
ion, to be admitted as a citizen of the United States. 



Subscribed and sworn to before me this day of. 

nineteen hundred and 

[L. S.] 



(Official character of attestor. ) 




THE UNITED STATES 83 

Certificate of Naturalization 

Number 

Petition, volume , page 

Stub, volume , page 

(Signature of holder) 

Description of holder; Age, ; height, ; color, ; com- 
plexion, ; color of eyes, ; color of hair, ; visible dis- 
tinguishing marks, Names, ages, and place of residence of 

wife , , Names, ages, 

and places of residence of minor children, , 



, ss: 

Be it remembered, that at a term of the .' court of 

, held at on the day of , in 

the year of our Lord nineteen hundred and , , v^ho 

previous to his (her) naturalization was a citizen (or subject) of 

,at present residing at number street, city 

(town), (State, Territory or District), having applied to be ad- 
mitted a citizen of the United States of America pursuant to law, and 
the court having found that the petitioner had resided continuously with- 
in the United States for at least five years and in this State for one 
year immediately preceding the date of the hearing of his (her) petition 
and that said petitioner intends to reside permanently in the United 
States, had in all respects complied with the law in relation thereto, and 

that he was entitled to be so admitted, it was thereupon ordered by 

the said court that he be admitted as a citizen of the United States 

of America. 

In testimony whereof the seal of said court is hereunto affixed on 

the day of in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred 

and and of our independence the 



[l.s.] (Official character of attestor.) 



8J, 



ILiii 



ui '111. 



z\rY-, 



S zlLl Uli. 



1. The Stars and Stripes 

Frontispiece 

2. George Washington 14 

3. Battle of Lexington 16 

4. Benjamin Frankhn 18 

5. Express Service in Wash- 

ington's Day 21 

6. An Early Train 29 

7. The Twentieth Century Limit- 
ed 29 

8. Picking and Loading Cot- 

ton 32 

9. St. Gauden's Statue of Lin- 

coln 34 

10. General U. S. Grant 37 

11. The First McCormick Reap- 

ing Machine 40 

12. Gary Harbor 41 

13. ModernMethods of Farming. 43 



14. American Battleship, 1898.. 44 

15. Blast Furnaces of the Gary 

Steel Mills 48 

16. Coke Ovens of the Garv Steel 

Mills. ..■ 49 

17. Modern Schools: The Emerson 

Building, opp. page 49 

18. Modern Schools: The Froebel 

Building, opp. page 51 

19. The City Hall, opp. page . . .55 

20. Public Library 55 

21. OfRcialSeal,State of Indiana 61 

22. The Capitol, Washington. D.C. 

66 

23. The Senate Chamber, Wash- 

ington D.C 70 

24. The Hall of the House of Rep- 

resentatives 69 

25. The Supreme Court Room . . 71 



^ 



d '^1-^\J^ 



1. North Amercia, Showing the 

Leading Discoveries of the 
Sixteenth Century 6 

2. Original Thirteen Colonies, and 

French Territory, Before 1783 



3'. United States, Showing Terri- 
torial Growth 24 

4. The United States, Regional 

Distribution of Products 
opp. page 42 

5. Republic of Panama 46 

6. Lake County, Indiana 58 



OCT 24 1918 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



010 546 133 1 # 



Paper, 50 Cents 
Cloth, 75 Cents 



